弗洛里安·布施建筑师事务所

弗洛里安·布施建筑师事务所
House W / Florian Busch Architects

可持续设计的先锋探索：House W项目最令人印象深刻的亮点在于其对可持续设计的深度实践。建筑师突破了传统建筑的束缚，将“净零能耗”的概念提升到了“净正能耗”的层面，充分展现了建筑对环境积极贡献的潜力。通过周全的能源系统设计，包括利用地热能和太阳能，建筑不仅满足了自身的能源需求，还实现了能源的富余。这种积极的姿态，将建筑视为一个能源的生产者而非单纯的消耗者，为未来建筑的可持续发展树立了典范，并为应对气候变化提供了创新性的解决方案。

空间与功能的巧妙融合：项目的精髓体现在空间布局与功能的完美结合上。建筑师巧妙地将原本紧凑的体量分解为两个独立的部分，并通过旋转它们来创造一个充满张力的中间空间。这个空间不仅提供了壮丽的景观视野，还在气候调节方面发挥了关键作用。这种空间组织方式颠覆了传统建筑的封闭性，将室内与外部环境有机地联系起来。同时，建筑师将简洁的木结构与高性能的太阳能表皮相结合，实现了美学与功能的统一，既满足了居住的舒适性，又最大程度地利用了自然资源，体现了对场地特征的深刻理解和对细节的精益求精。

对场地环境的尊重与回应：House W项目的另一个显著特点是其对场地环境的尊重与积极回应。建筑师选择在农田中建造房屋，而非追求乡村的浪漫主义，展现了对农业生产的重视和对土地的敬畏之心。通过建筑的形态、朝向以及对自然资源的利用，House W与周围的农田、灌溉渠等基础设施融为一体，并与远处的山脉景观相互呼应，构成了一幅和谐的画面。这种设计理念打破了建筑与环境之间的界限，使建筑成为环境的一部分，并通过自身的实践，探索了在乡村环境中实现可持续发展的新途径，为未来的建筑设计提供了宝贵的启示。

建筑师提供的文字描述Text description provided by the architects. Like the city in the past, the countryside is becoming the new catalyst for change. FB, 2007. Net Zero and Beyond. House W is FBA's first building to generate more energy than it consumes. Counterintuitively, the solution does not result in compactness but in breaking it up. Bucking the (still ongoing) trend to move from the countryside to the city, the clients, a young family living in Tokyo approached FBA to design their new home on the western edge of the Furano Plateau — a 25-km-long and 5-km-wide strip in the center of Hokkaido, renown for its cold powder-snow winters and beautiful summers. Their plan is ambitious: A building independent from the local power grid, generating at least as much energy as it consumes. Net zero. (The built outcome goes further: Over the course of an entire year, House W produces almost twice the energy it consumes.)

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农田效率。与这些雄心一致，他们在积极的农业生产中购买了一块土地：农田效率而不是乡村浪漫主义。最初是一个农民的谷仓，我们的邻居是稻田和芦笋田、灌溉渠道和道路。我们是公开的。唯一的背景是（主要是人为的）自然。
Farmland efficiency. Consistent with these ambitions, they have bought a piece of land in the middle of active agricultural production: Farmland efficiency rather than countryside romanticism. Originally the site of a farmer's barn, our neighbors are rice paddies and asparagus fields, irrigation channels, and roads. We are in the open. The only context is (mostly man-made) nature.

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Ground Floor Plan

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像植物一样。1923年：房子是居住的机器。（勒·柯布西耶）。2023年：房子是用来生活的植物。客户想要一个简单的木制结构，与农民的谷仓不同，它将专注于必需品。但是，谷仓的“本质”是庇护工具这一相当简单、被动的任务，现在它变得更加复杂：为家庭的日常生活提供场所，同时完全依赖现场可用的自然能源。这几乎就像我们被要求模拟作物，而不是谷仓：一种像植物一样积极与周围环境互动、适应环境并利用现有资源的建筑。
Like a plant. 1923: A house is a machine for living in. (Le Corbusier). 2023: A house is a plant for living with. The clients want a simple wooden structure, which —not unlike a farmer's barn— will focus on the essentials. But where the barn's "essence" is the rather straightforward, passive task of sheltering tools, it is now more complex: providing the place for a family's daily lives whilst depending solely on the natural energy available on site. It is almost as if we are asked to model the crop, not the barn: An architecture that, like a plant, actively engages with its surroundings, adapts to its environment and makes use of what is available.

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意见。全景混合。该地点在前景中的紧邻是农田和基础设施：我们被田野、灌溉渠、道路和电线包围着。背景更为如画：富良野高原山脉的全景。在东部的十胜山脉和西北部的丘陵之间，是西南部雄伟的富良野西山。
Views. Panorama Mix. The site's immediate neighbors in the foreground are farmland and infrastructure: We are surrounded by fields, irrigation channels, roads, and power lines. The background is more picturesque: A panorama of the mountains defining the Furano Plateau. Between the Tokachi mountain range in the east and a hilly landscape in the northwest lies majestic Mt Furano Nishi in the southwest.

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水。热泵。现场有一个全年流量和温度恒定的水源。通过热泵运行这种自然资源可以产生足够的能量，为整个房子提供地暖和热水。
Water. Heat Pump. On-site is a water source with flow and temperature constant throughout the year. Running this natural source through a heat pump can generate enough energy to provide underfloor heating as well as warm water for the entire house.

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Diagram

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联合国。太阳能皮肤。平坦开阔的高原非常适合收集阳光。与通常将光伏板追溯添加到设计（或多或少是无意中）提供的最合适的地方的方法不同，太阳能性能，无论是主动还是被动，从我们的设计过程开始就一直是一个核心标准。光伏板不是事后才想到的，而是构成了建筑的太阳能表皮：一个均匀、坚硬、黑暗的外表面包裹着相比之下看起来柔软、明亮的内部。虽然这种太阳能皮肤直接吸收太阳能，但开口的位置也起着同样重要的作用。然而，我们的策略更激进，而不是刺穿太阳能皮肤…
Sun. Solar Skin. The flat open plateau is ideal for harvesting sunlight. Unlike the usual approach to retroactively add photovoltaic panels to the most suitable places the design has (more or less inadvertently) provided, solar performance, both active and passive, has been a core criterion from the beginning of our design process. PV panels are not an afterthought but make up the building's solar skin: a homogeneous, hard, dark exterior surface wrapping what in contrast appears as a soft, light interior. While this solar skin directly reaches for the sun's energy, the placement of openings plays just as crucial a role. Yet instead of piercing the solar skin, our strategy is more radical…

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打破契约。正如简短和预算所暗示的那样，我们从一个紧凑的体积开始，让人联想到当地的谷仓。尽管早期的研究试图通过多边形足迹或分支直接朝向三个主要方向，但导致最终结果的设计更加残酷和微妙：将紧凑的体积分成两个，并旋转每个体积，使细长体积的短端完美地面对东部和西北部的山脉，开辟了一个朝向西南部富良野滑雪场的间隙空间。与早期的研究不同，打破保持了紧凑型的体积简单性。间隙空间揭示了紧凑体积的内部是一个脆弱的柔软内部世界，与均匀的坚硬外部形成鲜明对比。仿佛折断的树枝的血管组织没有完全切断，木制内部继续在房子的两半之间流动。间隙在调节建筑气候方面起着关键作用：它是房屋的枢轴，所有运动——垂直和水平、人力和基础设施——都通过它。太阳的影响是通过百叶窗调节的，在夏天阻挡太阳光线，在冬天让它们充满室内。
Breaking the compact. As brief and budget would suggest, we begin with a compact volume reminiscent of a vernacular barn. Whereas early studies try to directly orient towards the three main directions by polygonal footprints or by branching out, the designs leading to the final outcome are both more brutal and more subtle: Breaking the compact volume into two and rotating each of them so that the short ends of the elongated volumes perfectly face the east and northwest mountains opens up an interstitial space looking towards Furano's ski slopes in the southwest. Unlike the earlier studies, breaking keeps the volumetric simplicity of the compact. The interstitial space reveals the compact volume's interior as a fragile soft interior world in stark contrast to the homogeneous hard exterior. As if a snapped twig's vascular tissue had not been completely severed, the wooden interior continues to flow between the two halves of the house. The interstice plays a key role in regulating the climate of the building: It is the pivot of the house where all movement —vertical and horizontal, human and infrastructural— passes through. The sun's impact is modulated with louvers to block the sun's rays during summer and let them fill the inside in the winter.

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增长的。具有讽刺意味的是，将一个庞大的简单体积分解成碎片的想法是由一项最初的要求引发的，但最终这项要求被取消了：鉴于建筑市场的波动，客户要求研究将项目分阶段进行的可能性。虽然我们最终共同建造了第1和第2阶段，但第三个阶段的设计和建造——一个用于储存和车间的棚屋——最初是作为未来的附件，甚至在第1阶段完成之前就开始了。将较大的体量分割成块并旋转的策略为附件提供了基础，以保持整体的完整性，相辅相成。与道路平行，比主楼低，这一附件扭转了局面。这似乎不是三卷黑色书籍中的最后一卷，而是第一卷，更多的书籍将曲折地向东和向南生长。
Growing. Ironically, the idea of breaking a large simple volume into pieces was triggered by an initial requirement which in the end was lifted: In light of the volatile construction market, the clients had requested to study the possibility of splitting the project into phases. While we ended up constructing phases 1 and 2 together, the design and construction of a third —a shed for storage and workshop— originally intended as a future annex, began before phase 1 was even completed. The strategy of splitting a larger volume into pieces and rotating them provides the basis for the annex(es) to preserve the integrity of the overall, complement not undo it. Parallel to the road and less tall than the main house, this annex turns the tables. It seems to be not the last but the first of the three black volumes, with more to grow in twists and turns towards the east and south.

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原型。一个更大的问题仍然存在：离开城市到农村是通往可持续未来的可行途径吗？虽然通过城市化实现致密化仍然是减少人类碳足迹的最直接途径，但认为在25年内，我们中约70%的人将只占据地球陆地面积的1%的想法似乎是荒谬的，更糟糕的是，在许多地方，这在社会上是不可持续的。寻找农村是有意义的，但只能以不增加我们人均碳足迹的方式。关键在于我们如何参与，而不是利用我们的自然环境。乡村的开放环境提供了测试和探索的自由。与过去的城市一样，农村正在成为变革的新催化剂。但是，在城市运动曾经抛弃一切，在城市中寻找新事物的地方，搬到农村让我们在与城市保持联系的同时与自然重新建立联系，这得益于技术的速度。向农村学习的机会看起来很有希望。在成为周围环境的积极组成部分以产生比消耗更多的能量时，W屋是一个（可扩展的）概念验证。
Prototype. A bigger question remains: Is leaving the city for the countryside a viable path towards a sustainable future? While densification through urbanization remains the straightest path to reducing humanity's carbon footprint, the thought that in 25 years, about 70% of us will occupy a mere 1% of the earth's land mass does seem absurd and, worse, in many places socially unsustainable. Seeking the countryside makes sense, but only in ways that do not increase our per capita carbon footprint. The key is how we engage with, not exploit our natural environment. The countryside's open context affords freedom to test, to explore. Like the city in the past, the countryside is becoming the new catalyst for change. But where the movement to the city once left everything behind and sought the new in the city, moving to the countryside lets us reconnect with nature while staying connected with the city, made possible by the speed of technology. The opportunity to learn from the countryside looks promising. In becoming an active part of its surroundings to generate more energy than it consumes, House W is a (scalable) proof of concept.