四自由公园 - 园林吧

四自由公园
FDR Four Freedoms Park

-路易斯·卡恩，1973年秋季在普拉特学院演讲
…I had this thought that a memorial should be a room and a garden. That’s all I had. Why did I want a room and a garden? I just chose it to be the point of departure. The garden is somehow a personal nature, a personal kind of control of nature, a gathering of nature. And the room was the beginning of architecture.
-Louis Kahn, lecture at Pratt Institute Fall 1973

FDR Four Freedoms Park

1973年，路易斯·卡恩构思了位于纽约市罗斯福岛上的富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福纪念馆，这是一个近四十年来一直在酝酿的项目。由于卡恩于1974年3月去世，纪念馆被推迟修建，并因金融危机袭击纽约市和纽约州而脱轨多年。纪念馆更名为富兰克林·D·罗斯福四自由公园，于2012年10月竣工。
Conceived by Louis I Kahn in 1973, the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial on Roosevelt Island in New York City was a project nearly forty years in the making. Delayed by Kahn’s death in March of 1974 and derailed for years as a consequence of a financial crisis that struck the City and State of New York, the Memorial, renamed Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park, was completed in October of 2012.

它位于曼哈顿和皇后区之间的东河罗斯福岛南端，几乎位于E 42街联合国大楼的东面。《纽约时报》是该网站的早期倡导者，指出“在我们看来，福利岛一直是罗斯福纪念的理想场所，福利岛……可以很容易地为纪念他而重新命名……它将面对他热爱的大海、他跨越的大西洋、他帮助拯救的欧洲以及他所激励的联合国。”
Located on the southern tip of Roosevelt Island in the East River between Manhattan and Queens, it sits almost directly east of the United Nations Complex on E 42nd Street. The New York Times was an early advocate for the site noting that “It has long seemed to us that an ideal place for a memorial to FDR would be on Welfare Island, which…could be easily renamed in his honor… It would face the sea he loved, the Atlantic he bridged, the Europe he helped to save, the United Nations he inspired.”

The park as initially conceived by Kahn and his close collaborator, the landscape architect Harriet Pattison, consisted of five parts:

Major elements
-The Room “a place of inspired use”
-The Garden, a place where “ the wildness of the American continent gives way to the order of the room”

Supporting elements
-The Grove, where one receives “the invitation to visit the memorial”
-The Sculpture and Forecourt, provides “a most personal welcome at the foot of the garden…”
-The House in the Garden, a place for amenities that was unbuilt

在五棵山毛榉（Fagus sylvatica）的树丛中聚集后，游客登上通往花园的楼梯；一块倾斜的草坪上有一条由120棵小菩提树（Tilia cordata）组成的独特小巷，通过其平面图的几何图形，将参观者聚焦在一尊巨大的总统半身像上。这尊重达1050磅（476公斤）的青铜雕塑是根据1933年罗斯福入主白宫时乔·戴维森（Jo Davidson）的一项研究制作的。半身像标志着房间的入口，可以看到东河的南面。在这里，卡恩试图唤起罗斯福的精神，并要求观众面对世界，不是一幅完美的图画，而是现实；到处都是公共住房、医院大楼和工厂。房间的“墙壁”由6'x6'x12'（1.83mx1.83mx3.66m）花岗岩块构成，每块重38吨。每块花岗岩之间有一英寸（2.54厘米）的间隙。房间的南面以哈哈为界，哈哈是卡恩最喜欢的建筑设备，它是观景台、边界和长凳。房间里没有铭文，试图在不限制这些想法的前提下启发和质疑观众。
After gathering at the grove of five Beech Trees (Fagus sylvatica), the visitor ascends the stairs to the Garden; a tilted lawn with a distinctive allee of 120 Littleleaf Lindens (Tilia cordata) focuses the visitor, through the geometry of its plan, on a colossal bust of the President. The 1050 pound (476 kg) bronze sculpture was based on a study by Jo Davidson made in 1933 while Roosevelt was in the White House. The bust marks the entrance to the room that provides a view to the south over the East River. Here, Kahn sought to invoke the spirit of FDR and ask the viewer to confront the world not as a picture perfect vista but as it is; replete with public housing, hospital towers and factories. The “walls” of the room are constructed of 6’x6’x12’ (1.83mx1.83mx3.66m) granite blocks that weigh 38 tons each. Each block of granite is separated by a one inch (2.54 cm) gap. The room is bounded on its southern flank by a ha-ha, a favorite architectural device of Kahn, that serves as a viewing platform, boundary and bench. The room has no inscriptions and seeks to inspire and question the viewer without limning what those ideas must be.

The design was completed in 2012 in conjunction with the Four Freedoms Park Conservancy and Mitchell/Giurgola Architects (who initially worked in association with David P Wisdom & Associates—Kahn’s successor firm). It is Kahn’s only built work in New York City.

正文：Barrett Doherty&；威特肯
Architect Louis I Kahn Architect (1973-74), design completed after Kahn’s death by David P Wisdom and Associates (1974-75) in association with Mitchell/Giurgola Associates (1974-75, 2008-2012)
Landscape Architect: Harriet Pattison (1973-74)
Scheer / Dusil (1974-75, 2008-2012)
Project Name: FDR Four Freedoms Park
Location: New York, NY
Construction: 2010-2012
Area: 4 Acres (1.62 Hectares)
Cost: $60 Million USD
Client: Four Freedoms Park Conservancy
Photography:Barrett Doherty
Video:Barrett Doherty
Text: Barrett Doherty & William Whitaker