对“茶卡风”的建筑学解读：灵动形态与在地文脉的完美融合：该项目最核心的亮点在于其将青海茶卡盐湖独特的自然意象——“随风飘动的红丝巾”——成功转化为可建造的建筑形态。设计巧妙地运用预制装配式钢结构和膜结构，创造出极具雕塑感的自由曲面，不仅满足了交通组织与休闲观光的功能需求，更在视觉上与“天空之镜”的辽阔景观形成了和谐的对话。这种“装置艺术”与建筑技术的结合，使得建筑成为景区形象的标志性延伸，实现了从概念到实体的诗意转化。
多层次的形态建构与创新的结构表皮系统：项目在结构和表皮设计上展现了高度的专业性与创新性。通过数字化设计辅助生成了多层次的形态：落地式钢结构保证了形态的整体性和稳定感，花柱造型借鉴“水滴入湖”的涟漪形态，实现了结构与形态的有机衔接。表皮系统采用半透与不透的PTFE膜材的复合运用，不仅精确控制了风荷载，还通过不同透光性创造了内部空间从透到封闭的过渡，赋予空间丰富的光影和通风体验，体现了精湛的工程美学。
工业化精度与手工艺容差的建造哲学：该项目在建造落地层面实现了技术与体验的平衡。主体钢结构依赖工业化预制和数控加工，确保了复杂曲面的精确建造，大幅缩短了现场工期，体现了对盐湖生态的尊重。然而，对于游客可近距离接触的内部悬挂织物，则采用了“容差的手工艺控制策略”，允许现场根据实际情况调整色彩和拼接，这种精度与灵活性的结合，最终在坚实骨架上呈现出柔和、放松的视觉效果，完美契合了景区的自然氛围。
The Chaka Salt Lake Tourist Railway Station is located in the Chaka Salt Lake Scenic Area in Wulan County, Haixi Prefecture, Qinghai Province. As a landmark building for the scenic area upgrade, the project starts from the characteristic tourism image of the scenic area, integrating digital technology with the scheme concept, detailed design, and construction. Utilizing prefabricated assembled steel structures and membrane structures, it creates a free space that integrates traffic organization and leisure sightseeing.
茶卡盐湖观光火车站位于青海省海西州乌兰县的茶卡盐湖景区。作为景区提升的标志性建筑物，项目从景区特色的旅游宣传形象出发，将数字化技术与方案概念、深化设计及建造施工结合，利用预制装配式钢结构和膜结构，打造了交通组织与休闲观光为一体的自由空间。
© 褚英男
© 褚英男
Concept Origin—The Red Scarf Fluttering in the Wind on the Salt Lake
Chaka Salt Lake is known as the “Mirror of the Sky.” The coexistence of liquid and solid brine forms a natural spectacle where water mirrors the sky, the sky meets the ground, and people walking in the lake feel as if they are wandering in a painting. The overall form of the project is derived from the iconic check-in image that has spontaneously formed in the scenic area over the years. The free surface formed by the steel structure and the membrane structure together resembles a red scarf fluttering in the wind over the salt lake. The sightseeing train track extends deep into the salt lake. Visitors can rest on the platform or walk into the salt lake to gaze at the horizon where water meets the sky and the continuous mountains. “Chaka Wind” is named after a series of concepts in the scenic area upgrade design project—Salt, Sunset Glow, Wind, and Snow. Among them, the Wind Station is the largest structure, with a total building area of 3996.64 square meters. How to give a sense of wind to a huge steel structure standing on the calm lake surface (steel structure is required due to the ecological protection of the salt lake) was a challenge, but it also provided a rare opportunity for the design team to try combining the ideas of installation art with architectural technology. Seeing the wind, hearing the wind, and leaving the memory of the wind—this is the experience we hope this place can bring to visitors.
茶卡盐湖被誉为“天空之镜”，固液并存的卤水湖形成了自然奇观，水映天、天接地，人在湖间走，宛如画中游。项目整体造型来自景区多年来自发形成的标志性打卡形象，钢结构和膜结构共同形成的自由曲面，仿佛盐湖上随风飘动的红丝巾。观光火车轨道延伸到盐湖深处，游客在站台停留休憩，也可以步入盐湖，远眺水天一色和连绵山脉。“茶卡风”的名字来自景区提升设计项目的系列概念 —— 盐、霞、风、雪，其中风站是构筑物体量最大的一站，总建筑面积 3996.64 平方米，如何将矗立在平静湖面上的巨大钢构筑物（出于盐湖生态保护的需求，只能采用钢结构），做出风的感觉，是个难题，但同时也为设计团队提供了难得的机会，尝试将装置艺术的思路与建筑技术结合。看见风，听到风，留下风的记忆，就是我们希望这个场所能够带给到访人们的体验。
© 褚英男
© 褚英男
The platform is divided into two levels. The lower level is elevated above 3 tracks, incorporating stairs and elevators for visitor entry/exit and the flow towards the lake. The upper level mainly serves as a leisure platform for resting and commercial sales. The roof is a complex free surface formed by the integrated design of steel structure and membrane structure, presenting a posture of dancing in the wind when viewed from afar over the lake. Upon entering the platform, the red, orange, and yellow suspended fabrics flutter with the wind, bringing an intimate experience of the wind. The direction of the station tracks determines the north-south drifting posture of the building, making the east-west direction an excellent viewing orientation. Facing the Qilian Mountains in the east and the Kunlun Mountains in the west, the site boasts superb natural scenery, which the second-floor platform satisfies the visitors' viewing needs. At the same time, the platform also separates ticketing from the platform, ensuring that every area can accommodate a large number of visitors simultaneously.
站台分为上下两层，底层架空在3条轨道之上，结合游人进出站和下湖流线设置步梯和电梯，上层主要为停留观光和商业售卖的休闲平台。顶部为整体设计的钢结构和膜结构复合的自由曲面，从湖面远观呈现风中舞动的姿态，走进站台，红橙黄三色的悬挂织物伴随风声翻扬，带来近人的风的体验。车站轨道本身的走向决定了建筑南北飘动的态势，使东西方向成为很好的观景朝向。场地东面祁连山，西临昆仑山，是绝佳的天然景观，二层平台满足了游客的观景需求。同时，平台也使检票与站台相对分隔，以保证每一个区域都可以满足大量游客的同时使用。
© 褚英男
© 褚英男
While serving the function of visitor ingress and egress, we hope visitors can have a better sightseeing experience on the platform. Therefore, in the higher parts and special locations of the space, the boundary between the platform roof and the platform is broken to form viewing areas with an open vista, and commercial amenities are set up around them to meet visitor needs. The projecting parts of the platform are combined with vertical circulation to form a buffer zone friendly to visitors, playing a lubricating role for the entire flow, allowing visitors to feel the natural beauty of Chaka Salt Lake while entering and exiting the station. The west side of the building offers the best landscape view. To avoid the roof design touching the ground from obstructing the view in the middle section, openings are locally designed in the roof structure on the second floor, extending the platform to form a unique viewing deck. The roof undulates, and the platform intersperses among them, with the two interacting and merging into an organic whole.
在承担游客进出站的功能同时，我们希望游客可以在平台上得到更好的游览体验。因此在空间较高的部位和特殊点位打破平台屋面与站台的限定，形成视野开阔的观景区域，并在周边设置商业业态以满足游客需求。将平台的挑出部分与游客的垂直交通结合形成对游客友好的流线缓冲区，起到整个流线的润滑作用，使游客在进出站的同时也可以感受茶卡盐湖本身的自然瑰丽。建筑西侧为最佳景观面，为避免落地的屋面设计遮挡中段的视线，屋面结构在二层局部设计开口，将平台探出，形成独特的观景平台。屋面起伏错落，平台穿插其中，二者交互融合形成有机整体。
© 褚英男
Form Construction—Multi-level Form Generation Aided by Digital Design
The overall curved surface is mainly composed of three layers: the main steel structure, two types of membrane structures on the top surface, and the three colors of fabrics suspended on the bottom surface that can flutter with the wind. Considering the requirements of space, image, and mechanics, the concept of water ripples formed by a raindrop entering the lake was referenced as the conceptual intention for the curved surface generation, based on the image of a flying red scarf.
形体建构——数字化设计辅助多层次的形体生成
整体曲面主要由三个层次构成：主体的钢结构、顶面两种不同性能的膜结构、以及底面悬挂的可以随风飘扬的三种颜色的织物。结合空间、形象和力学的要求，在飞舞的红丝巾的基础上，又参考了雨滴入湖的水面波动，作为曲面形态生成的概念意向。
© 褚英男
© 褚英男
The main steel structure does not simply adopt the form of a floating curved roof with supporting columns; instead, it lands as an integral structure through the platform, making the form look more like it is flying in the wind. Although the steel structure part of the building is a free-form surface, its generation logic is clear. First, constrained by the railway, three positions on the platform and the east and west sides of the platform are selected as the landing points of the curved surface. Based on this, combined with preliminary structural force analysis, four large flared columns are set up for support. Through structural simulation and calculation of locally weak stress points of the shell, three small flared columns are added to enhance the overall stability without affecting the curved surface shape. The shape of the flared columns is inspired by the posture formed by the water surface tension when a water droplet enters the lake. Shape-finding through the elastic method of the curved surface achieves a relatively smooth connection between the flared columns and the roof curved surface.
主体钢结构没有简单的采用漂浮的曲型屋面加支撑柱的形式，而是作为整体结构落地贯穿到站台，从而让形态更加有随风飘扬之感。建筑钢结构部分虽为自由曲面，但生成逻辑明确。首先，受制于铁路的影响，在站台及东西两侧的平台上选取三个位置，作为曲面的落地点。在此基础上，结合初步结构受力分析，设置四个大开花柱进行支撑。通过结构模拟计算壳体局部受力薄弱点位，在不影响曲面形态的前提下，进一步补设三个小开花柱增强整体稳定性。花柱造型受到水滴入湖的时，水面因张力形成的姿态，通过曲面弹力找型，实现花柱和屋顶曲面的相对平滑衔接。
© 褚英男
© 褚英男
Considering construction difficulty and cost, the structure adopts the form of "approximating curves with straight lines." While ensuring reasonable structural load-bearing, components are added to transform the original rhombic structural unit module of about 3m into two triangular and hexagonal unit modules of about 1.5m on each side, resulting in a relatively approachable division scale from a human perspective. The top membrane structure interacts with the steel structure to form an integral load-bearing system. During the initial design stage, the top membrane structure was compared among air cushion film, aluminum plates, and a single membrane. The air cushion film was high in cost and relatively complex in process, failing to meet the construction schedule, and the scarf shape was not smooth enough when viewed from afar; aluminum plates were low in cost but felt rigid and dull, far from the texture of a ribbon; the single membrane was moderate in cost and possessed a certain extensibility, allowing for a smooth transition at the focus points where the structure approximated the curve with straight lines, thus becoming the final choice.
考虑到施工难度与造价问题，结构采用以直拟曲的形式。在保证结构受力合理的情况下，增设构件使原本约为 3m 的菱形结构单元模块转变约为 1.5m 边长的两个三角形与六边形的单元模块，从人视角度得到一个相对近人的划分尺度。顶面膜结构与钢结构共同作用，形成受力整体。设计初期顶面膜结构对比考虑了气枕膜、铝板和单面膜三种材质，气枕膜造价高且工艺相对复杂，无法满足工期要求，并且远看丝巾形态不够顺滑;铝板造价低但比较生硬沉闷，和丝带的质感相差甚远；单面膜造价相对适中，并且本身具有一定的延展性，可以使原本以直拟曲的焦点位置平滑过渡，因而成为最终选择。
© 褚英男
© 褚英男
Furthermore, considering that the roof undulation and structural dimensions are significantly affected by wind loads, two different materials were finally adopted: semi-transparent PTFE membrane and opaque PTFE laminated membrane. While satisfying the basic functions of shading and rain protection, they also minimize wind loads. The tension of the membrane material itself also has a certain impact on the steel structure, and the two work together to form an integrated load-bearing system. The composite material formed by the PTFE laminated membrane transmits light but not rain, providing a sheltered area for tourists. The suspended fabrics are mainly concentrated below this area to avoid frequent rain affecting their effect. The non-laminated PTFE membrane, due to the characteristics of its material, has a perforation rate of about 21%. According to structural simulation, placing it in areas with large wind loads can effectively reduce the wind force's impact on the structure and allow wind to flow more smoothly into the station interior to blow the suspended fabrics. The light and wind entering the interior through the membrane structure weaken the sense of enclosure of the space, creating a transition from transparent to semi-transparent to closed. The distribution of the two types of membranes is divided according to the main flow lines of tourists on the platform, minimizing the impact of rain and snow weather on tourists when entering/exiting the station and in commercial areas.
此外，考虑到屋面起伏的形态和结构尺寸受风荷载影响较大，最终采用半透的 PTFE 膜与不透的 PTFE 加附膜两种不同的材质，在满足遮阳挡雨的基本功能同时尽量减少风荷载。膜材质本身的张拉力也对钢结构本身有一定影响，二者共同作用，形成整体受力。PTFE 加附膜形成的复合材质透光不透雨，为游人提供遮雨区域，悬挂的织物也主要集中在这个区域的下方，避免经常淋雨影响效果。不加附膜的 PTFE 膜则因其自身材料的特性存在约 21% 的穿孔率，根据结构模拟，布置在风荷载较大的位置，可以有效的减少风力对结构的影响，也可以让风更流畅的进入站台内部，吹动悬挂的织物。透过膜结构进入内部的光与风弱化了空间的围合感，形成了由透到半透到封闭的过渡。两种膜的分布根据游客在平台上主要动线进行划分，减小游客在平台上进出站及商业空间受到雨雪天气的影响。
© 褚英男
© 褚英男
The design of the suspended fabrics on the bottom surface uses the large flared columns as ripple centers to simulate and form a wave-like curve group, projected onto the roof to form the overall distribution of the fabrics. The three-color fabrics flutter with the wind, and the changing sunlight during the day and the breathing lighting design at night further enhance the feeling of water ripples.
底面悬挂织物的设计，将大花柱作为涟漪中心，模拟形成类波纹状曲线组，投影至屋面形成织物的整体分布。三色织物随风飘动，白天阳光的变幻和夜间的呼吸式照明设计进一步加强了水波涟漪的感觉。
© 褚英男
Since Chaka has long winters and strong winds, and the salt lake area has high humidity and strong corrosiveness, ordinary fabrics cannot meet the durability requirements. Therefore, an outdoor sunshade material with better weather resistance was selected. In the initial design stage, the fabric was chosen in the same all-red color as the roof. Simulations found that because it completely merged with the roof color, the sense of the ribbon fluttering was insufficient when viewed from a distance. Combining with local cultural traditions, classic colors of yellow and orange were selected to match red. The three-color membrane rings start from the transition area between the flared columns and the roof connection, transitioning outwards layer by layer following the ripple trend. Due to the fixed range of customizable membrane colors, it was impossible to achieve a relatively soft multi-color gradient. Therefore, the approach was changed to a mosaic form, where complete ripple rings were unitized. By setting discrete random values, a gradual color transition was achieved, and then by slightly adjusting the color blocks of local units, more diverse color variations were obtained, making the layering of the overall suspended fabrics richer.
茶卡冬季漫长风力强劲，盐湖区域湿度高腐蚀性强，普通的织物耐久性无法满足要求，因而选用了一种室外遮阳帘材质，耐候性更好。织物在设计之初选用同屋顶一样的全红配色，模拟发现，因为与屋顶颜色完全融合，使得远观时丝带的飘逸感不足。结合当地文化传统，我们选取了经典色彩中的黄色与橙色，与红色搭配。三色膜形成的圈带从开花柱与屋顶连接过渡处的红色起始，随涟漪趋势向外逐层渐变。受限于定制膜材质可选颜色相对固定，无法做到多色的相对柔和渐变，因此转换思路改用马赛克形式，将完整的涟漪环单元化通过调整设定离散随机值做到颜色逐步过度，再通过微调局部单元色块，得到更加多样的颜色变化，使得整体吊挂织物的层次感更加丰富。
© 褚英男
Construction Optimization—Structural Deepening for Shape-Finding and Performance-Oriented Detail Design
The Chaka Wind, resembling a ribbon with a graceful curved surface, adopts a single-layer grid shell structure. While the grid shell needs several vertical supports to bear vertical gravity loads, the pursuit of architects and structural engineers is to fully combine aesthetic beauty with mechanical beauty. After multiple iterations and optimizations of the model, the structure was determined to use 4 large flared columns and 3 small flared columns as the main vertical load-bearing components. The large flared columns bear not only vertical forces but also horizontal seismic and wind forces, while the small flared columns mainly bear vertical forces to ensure that vertical deformation and stiffness meet the requirements. By analyzing the linear buckling modes, weak points in the stiffness of the thin shell space were found, and strengthening measures were taken locally.
建构优化——结构深化找形与细部构造性能化设计
茶卡风形似飘带曲面灵动，采用单层网壳结构形式。网壳在承受竖向重力荷载的工况下，需要有几个竖向支点，如何将形态美和力学美充分结合是建筑师和结构师的追求目标。在经过多次模型迭代优化之后，结构确定用 4 个大开花柱和 3 个小开花柱作为主要竖向承重构件，其中大的开花柱不仅承担竖向受力，还承担水平地震力和水平风力，而小的开花柱主要承担竖向力，保证竖向变形竖向刚度满足要求，通过对线性屈曲模态的分析寻找薄壳空间刚度的薄弱点，并对局部采取加强措施。
© 褚英男
Due to the complexity of this single-unit shape, the response to wind loads is difficult to determine through standard form coefficients. In the design process, we commissioned Beijing Jiaotong University to conduct wind tunnel pressure measurement tests on this unit. Based on the test report, the first batch of wind loads (12 wind directions: 0°, 30°, 60°, 90°, 120°, 150°, 180°, 210°, 240°, 270°, 300°, 330°) was applied to the unit, with the maximum and minimum values of wind load applied respectively for each direction to simulate the influence of wind vibration under random vibration.
由于本单体造型较为复杂，对风荷载作用的响应较难通过规范体型系数确定，设计中我们委托北京交通大学对本单体进行了风洞测压试验。并根据实验报告对本单体施加了 12 个风向（0°、30°、60°、90°、120°、150°、180°210°、240°、270°、300°、330°）的第一批风荷载，每个方向按风荷载最大值及最小值分别施加以模拟随机振动下风振影响。
© 褚英男
At the same time, to make the structure of this unit safer, we consulted relevant meteorological departments during the design process to obtain the dominant wind directions in the project area. According to the data, the local wind directions are mainly westerly and northwesterly. Therefore, 8 additional wind directions (160°, 170°, 190°, 200°, 220°, 230°, 250°, 260°) were added as the second batch of wind loads. And the 13 wind directions of 150°, 160°, 170°, 180°, 190°, 200°, 210°, 220°, 230°, 240°, 250°, 260°, 270° were taken as the dominant wind directions.
同时为了使本单体结构更为安全，设计过程中我们咨询了相关气象部门，获取了项目当地的主导风向。根据资料显示当地风向主要为西风及西北风。因此设计中我增加了 8 个风向（160°、170°、190°、200°、220°230°、250°、260°）做为第二批风荷载。并将150°、160°、170°180°、190°、200°、210°、220°、230°、240°、250°、260°、270°这13个风向作为主导风向。
© 褚英男
Economy and safety are important indicators for measuring the performance of a building and are the goals pursued by structural engineers. Through multiple program and manual iteration optimizations, the Chaka Wind achieves a comprehensive stress ratio between 0.8 and 0.9 for components under various working conditions, ensuring that "good steel is used where it is most needed." In addition to the overall structural optimization and shape-finding, the 4 large flared columns also have special designs for the snow load at the top. The large flared columns are funnel-shaped, naturally forming a gathering effect. Once snow accumulates, it will have a great impact on the main structure. The top membrane structure controls the descent height along the column surface, reducing the snow accumulation height, and connects to a steel plate device similar to an enlarged rainwater pipe at the center of the flared column. The upper part of the device collects rain and snow in a funnel shape, and the lower part is connected to a 0.6m diameter pipe. Electric tracing is set at the connection between the membrane structure and the device to accelerate snow melting and further reduce snow accumulation.
经济性、安全性是衡量一个建筑物性能的重要指标，也是结构工程师追求的目标，茶卡风通过较多次程序及人工迭代优化，做到构件在多种工况下综合应力比在 0.8~0.9 之间，做到“好钢用在刀刃”上。除了整体的结构优化找形，4 个大开花柱也针对顶部的雪荷载进行了特殊设计。大开花柱形态成漏斗状，天然的形成汇聚作用，一旦雪荷载积压将会对主体结构产生极大影响。顶面膜结构对随柱体曲面的下降高度进行了控制，减少了积雪高度，并连接到花柱中心的一个类似放大的雨水管的钢板装置。装置上部为漏斗状收集雨雪，下部连接接直径 0.6m 的管道。膜结构与装置连接处设置电伴热可以起到加速雪的溶解，进一步减小雪的堆积。
© 褚英男
Construction Realization—Precise Industrial Precasting and Tolerant Handcraft Processing
With the assistance of digital design tools and intelligent construction systems, the main steel structure was finally decomposed into 1292 grid units and 2350 steel components of various shapes and sizes, which were numerically controlled in the factory and then assembled on-site. The industrial precasting of modern steel structures ensures the precise construction of large curved structures from concept to realization and greatly shortens the on-site construction time. The on-site construction of the main steel structure and membrane structure took a total of 64 days, minimizing the impact on the ecological environment of the salt lake.
建造落地——精确的工业化预制与容差的手工艺处理
在数字设计工具和智能建造体系的辅助下，主体钢结构最终分解为 1292 个网格单元， 2350 块形状尺寸各不相同的钢构件，经过工厂的数控加工后，再进行了现场拼装。现代钢结构的工业化预制保证了大型曲面结构从概念方案到落地的精确建造，并且极大缩短了现场施工时间，主体钢结构及膜结构现场施工共计64天，尽量减少了对盐湖生态环境的影响。
© 褚英男
In controlling the overall form, the project benefited from the precise structural control enabled by modern industrialization and digitalization. Simultaneously, for the interior where visitors can have close contact, the suspended fabrics also leveraged digital tools during the design phase, but a tolerant handcraft control strategy was adopted during construction. The processing and manual fixing of the fabrics on-site are not as precise as steel structure manufacturing. While controlling the wave effect of the fabrics, the local color splicing did not strictly require workers to be precisely positioned but allowed for certain adjustments based on the actual splicing situation on-site. During the few days of fabric construction, the design team worked with the workers on-site to control the overall effect and make timely local adjustments. In the end, from near and far viewing angles, this traditional suspended handicraft feel achieved a soft and relaxed effect on the solid steel structure framework, integrating with the natural atmosphere of the scenic area.
在整体形态的控制上，项目得益于现代工业化和数字化发展的结构精确控制，与此同时，在游人可以近距离接触的内部，悬挂织物在设计环节同样借助数字化工具，但是在建造环节采取了一种容差的手工艺控制策略。织物的加工和现场人工固定操作，不像钢结构制造般的精确，在控制织物的水波效果的基础上，局部的色彩拼接并没有严格要求工人精准定位，而是可以参考设计方案的同时，根据现场的拼接情况进行一定的调整，织物施工的几天内，设计团队在现场与工人一起配合，对整体效果进行把控，及时进行局部的调整。最终，在近人和远观的角度，通过这种传统的悬挂手工艺感，在坚实的钢结构骨架上实现了柔和放松的效果，与景区大自然的氛围融为一体。
© 褚英男
Conclusion
The Chaka Wind project fully utilized digital strategies and technology throughout from concept generation to construction realization, exploring the combination of precise industrial control and tolerant handicraft control, thus realizing a free, dynamic, and wind-swept leisure sightseeing station on the salt lake.
结语
茶卡风项目充分利用数字化策略和技术，贯穿了从概念生产到建造落地的始终，探索了精确的工业化控制与容差的手工艺控制的结合，实现了盐湖上自由灵动、随风飘舞的休闲观光站点。
© 褚英男
