“山坡上的花”社区图书馆/STEPS建筑

“山坡上的花”社区图书馆/STEPS建筑
“Flower on Hillside” Community Library / STEPS Architecture

设计理念的深度与传承：“山坡上的花”社区图书馆项目最引人入胜之处在于其对当地文化的尊重与传承。项目并非简单地新建，而是选择对现有传统民居进行改造和活化，这本身就体现了对当地历史文脉的尊重。建筑师深入理解了怒族传统民居的特点，尤其是叠木板房的结构，并巧妙地保留了其核心元素，如木结构、灰色空间等，在此基础上进行功能和性能的提升。这种设计策略不仅节约了成本，更重要的是，它赋予了建筑独特的个性和文化内涵，使其与周围环境融为一体，成为社区的一部分。

空间改造的智慧与实用性：在极其有限的预算和工期下，建筑师展现了极高的设计智慧和实用性。他们并未追求华丽的装饰，而是专注于解决实际问题：采光和通风。通过拆除后期装修的隔墙和天花板，恢复了原始的空间格局，使之更具灵活性和舒适性。巧妙地在高墙上开窗和设置天窗，极大地改善了室内采光和通风，为孩子们提供了更好的阅读环境。这种“少即是多”的设计理念，体现了对资源的最大化利用和对功能需求的精准把握，使项目在有限的条件下实现了最佳的效益。

材料选择与建造的在地性：项目的另一个亮点是其对当地材料和建造技术的运用。建筑师选择了当地常见的4x8木材作为主要结构材料，并邀请当地建筑工人进行建造，这不仅降低了成本，也促进了当地经济的发展。红色树脂瓦和红色金属排水沟在视觉上区分了新旧建筑元素，也为建筑增添了活力。室内红色家具与木结构的结合，营造出温馨和谐的氛围。这种在地性的设计策略，使建筑真正融入了当地的生活，体现了建筑师对环境和社区的深刻理解和尊重，也使得建筑更具可持续性。

建筑师提供的文字描述该项目位于云南省怒江州贡山县炳中罗镇的秋那通村，位于怒江大峡谷深处。由于贡山县海拔高、地形复杂、与世隔绝，保留了怒族和其他民族的传统民居。但随着基础设施和环境的迁移，许多这样的住宅正在被破坏和废弃。
Text description provided by the architects. The project is located in Qiunatong Village of Bingzhongluo Town of Gongshan County of Nujiang Prefecture of Yunnan Province, deep inside Nujiang Grand Canyon. Due to high altitude, complicated terrain and isolation of Gongshan county, the traditional dwellings of Nu nationality and other ethnic groups are preserved. But with migration for infrastructure and environment, lots of such dwellings are being damaged and abandoned.

此外，由于贡山县直到2020年才摆脱贫困，当地儿童接受良好教育的机会较少。甘先生出生在贡山，他想让当地的孩子更方便地了解更广阔的世界，并最终进入其中，为此，他将家里的几处住宅改造成社区图书馆，供孩子们阅读和学习。自2016年以来，“山坡上的花”社区图书馆一直是半径140英里范围内唯一的图书馆，藏书量从100本增加到现在的4万多本。
Moreover, as Gongshan County only recently got rid of poverty in 2020, local children have less opportunities for good education. Born in Gongshan, Mr. Gan wants to make it more convenient for local children to acquire knowledge of greater world and finally step into it, for which he converted several dwellings of his family into community library for children to read and learn. Since 2016, "Flower on Hillside" community library has been the only library within a radius of 140 miles, and the number of book collection grows from 100 to more than 40,000 nowadays.

为了容纳更多的书，甘先生想翻修其中一栋住宅，把它从教室和厨房变成一个阅览室。该建筑位于村庄的中心，因此也是村庄的社区中心。我们受委托进行建筑设计。
To accommodate more books, Mr. Gan wanted to renovate one of the dwellings, turning it from classroom and kitchen into one reading room. The building is in the center of the village, which makes it also community center for the village. We were commissioned the task of architectural design.

老民居属于叠木板房[1]，是怒族的一种传统民居类型。这种住宅有两层结构：1。屋面结构，双坡屋面，石板瓦屋面，木柱、斜梁、横梁、檩条直接接触地面；2.木屋结构，圆木堆叠形成墙壁，支撑着第二层屋顶，墙壁上有交叉的木梁和中心柱。两层结构相互独立，两层屋顶之间的空间用于晾晒作物和堆放农具，木屋墙的缩进在屋顶下形成了灰色空间。平面尺寸约为5mx5m，是原始的单用途空间[2]，西墙上有两个小窗户。这种住宅的主要功能问题是采光和通风，尤其是阅览室，采光不良不利于儿童视力，书籍会因通风不足而发霉。
The old dwelling falls into the category of stacked wooden house with platform [1], a traditional type of dwelling of Nu nationality. This kind of dwelling is featured with two layers of structure: 1. roof structure, double pitch roof with stone plate roof tile directly touches ground with wood column, inclined beam, horizontal beams and purlin; 2. log cabin construction, round logs are stacked to create walls, which support a second-layer roof with crossing wood beams on walls and a center column. The two layers of structure are rather independent with each other, the space between the two layers of roof is used for drying crops and piling up farm tools, and the setback of log cabin wall creates grey space under the roof. Plan size is approximately 5mx5m, which is the original single-use type of space [2], with two small windows on west wall. The main functional problems with this type of dwelling are daylighting and ventilation especially for reading room, poor daylighting are bad for children's eyesight and books would become mouldy due to insufficient ventilation.

Lighting and ventilation

在现场考察期间，我们可以推测甘先生在后来的装修中做了什么。从规划的角度来看，他将空间分为两个房间，外侧有一个单独的房间，挡住了屋顶下的灰色空间；从垂直结构的角度来看，他拆除了第二层屋顶，取消了两层屋顶之间的空间，但保留了第二层高屋顶的木梁，并在其上安装了天花板。他还用木板填补了两堵山墙上的三角形缝隙，以密封信封。我们推测，他取消两层屋顶之间空间的原因是缺乏干燥作物的需要和内侧更多的垂直空间，但这并没有改善采光和通风。此外，由于石板瓦不再在当地生产，他将其改为石棉瓦，这种瓦在当地更便宜、更受欢迎，但瓦之间有漏水的缝隙。
During on-site inspection, we could speculate what Mr. Gan did in later renovation. From the perspective of plan, he divided the space into two rooms, and a separate room on the exterior side, which blocks the grey space under the roof; And from the perspective of vertical structure, he removed the second-layer roof, canceling the space between the two layers of roof, but preserved the wood beams for second -layer roof and had ceilings attached to them. He also filled the triangle-shaped gaps on two gable walls with wood boards to seal the envelope. We speculate that the reasons for him to cancel the space between the two layers of roof are the lack of need of drying crops and more vertical space on interior side, but this does not improve daylighting and ventilation. Moreover, as stone plate roof tile is no longer being made locally, he changed it into asbestos tile, which is cheaper and more popular locally, but there are gaps between tiles for water leaking.

在6万元人民币的极低预算和两周的施工期下，这轮最新一轮的翻修必须非常实用，只把钱花在真正重要的事情上。首先，鉴于原有木结构的良好状况，我们拆除了甘先生在后期装修中增加的墙壁和天花板，将空间恢复到原来的居住状态。这创造了一个5mx5m的舒适灵活的阅览室空间，恢复了屋顶下的灰色空间，保护了原始住宅的风格和特色。由于拆除了第二层屋顶，我们拆除了失去承重功能的中心柱，并保留了用于安装护眼LED灯管的横梁。
Subject to extremely low budget of 60,000 RMB and construction period of two weeks, this latest round of renovation must be very practical, spending money only on what's really important. First, in light of the good condition of the original wood structure, we removed the walls and ceilings that Mr. Gan added in later renovation, restoring the space into the state of original dwelling. This creates a 5mx5m space of comfortable and flexible reading room, restores the grey space under the roof, and protects the styles and features of the original dwelling. Because of the removal of the second-layer roof, we removed the center column that lost the function of load-bearing, and kept the crossing beams for installation of eye-protection LED tubes.

其次，我们需要处理采光和通风问题。我们沿着木屋墙壁的顶部插上了高高的窗户。屋顶是关键，我们保留了斜梁，更换了檩条，增加了一扇天窗。墙上的高窗和屋顶的天窗显著改善了采光。与用透明PC板密封的高窗不同，天窗是中空的，没有密封，充当通风井。为了防止落叶进入室内空间，天窗上安装了白色纱布网。
Second, we need to deal with daylighting and ventilation. We inserted high windows along the top of the log cabin walls. Roof is the key, we preserved the inclined beams, replaced the purlins and added a sky window. The high window on the wall and sky window on the roof improve daylighting significantly. Different with the high window that is sealed with transparent PC sheets, the sky window is hollow without sealing, which serves as ventilation shaft. To prevent fallen leaves entering interior space, white gauze mesh is installed on sky window.

新的木结构完全由当地建筑材料市场常见的4x8木材制成，并由熟练的当地建筑工人在几天内快速建造。屋顶材料也被不太可能泄漏的长树脂瓦所取代。红色树脂瓦和红色金属排水沟在视觉上将新屋顶与旧木结构分开。对于室内空间，红色家具和木结构营造出温暖和谐的氛围。
The new wood structure is completely made of 4x8 lumber that are common in local building material markets, and is quickly built in several days with skilled and proficient local construction workers. Roof material is also replaced with long resin tile that are less likely to leak. The red resin tile, along with red metal gutter, visually detach the new roof from the old wood structure. For interior space, red furniture and wood structure form warm and harmonious atmosphere.

这座小房子让我们想起了Laugier提出的“原始小屋”概念，他指出了建筑的简单而重要的核心：一个自然中的人和对庇护所的需求，只需要建造真正必要的东西。
This little house reminds us of "The Primitive Hut" concept brought up by Laugier, who points out the simple yet essential core of architecture: a man in nature and the need for shelter, with only what is really necessary to build.

[1] 季静。云南怒江傈僳族传统民居研究[D]。上海交通大学，2016:72-74.刘珂.云南怒江地区传统木屋更新设计研究[D]。北京土木工程大学，2021:17
[1] Ji Jing. A study on the traditional dwellings of the Lisu nationality in Nujiang, Yunnan Province[D]. Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2016: 72-74.
[2] Liu Ke. Study on the renewal design of traditional wooden house in Nujiang Prefecture of Yunnan Province[D]. Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 2021:17