威尔斯王妃纪念喷泉戴安娜

威尔斯王妃纪念喷泉戴安娜
Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain

Gustafson Porter+Bowman：将威尔斯王妃戴安娜纪念喷泉的设计从艺术家的印象转变为现实的工作涉及来自英国各地的熟练工匠和以前在汽车行业使用的开创性高科技生产技术。在永久纪念碑中采用现代和传统相结合的方法来反映公主的生活似乎是恰当的。负责纪念碑设计和建造的团队包括景观设计师、计算机建模专家、顾问工程师、建筑专业人员和石匠专家。每个公司或组织的技能和能力为这一重要国家项目的成功做出了贡献。
Gustafson Porter + Bowman: The work to turn the design of the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain from an artist’s impression into reality involved skilled craftsmen from across the UK and groundbreaking high-tech production techniques previously used in the automotive industries. It seemed appropriate that the combination of contemporary and traditional methods should be used in the permanent memorial to reflect the life of the Princess. The team responsible for the design and construction of the Memorial included landscape designers, computer modeling specialists, consultant engineers, construction professionals and expert stonemasons. The skills and abilities of each company or organization contributed to the success of this important national project.

Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain

The Design

由古斯塔夫森·波特和鲍曼设计的威尔斯王妃戴安娜纪念喷泉经历了许多关键阶段。首先，设计师们制作了纪念馆的第一个模型，并描述了纪念馆表面复杂的纹理、图案和水景，这些都会使水在运行过程中翻滚、层叠、卷曲和起泡。它还涉及与奥雅纳工程师合作开发各种水射流的水力设计。面临的挑战是将这一愿景变成一个技术上可交付的工作方案。
The design for the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain by Gustafson Porter + Bowman went through a number of key stages. It began with the designers’ first model of the Memorial and their description of the complex textures, patterns and water features on its surface that would make the water tumble, cascade, curl and bubble as it ran its course. It also involved the development of the hydraulic design of the various water jets in collaboration with Arup engineers. The challenge was to make this vision into a technically deliverable programme of work.

最初，设计师凯瑟琳·古斯塔夫森（Kathryn Gustafson）和尼尔·波特（Neil Porter）制作了一个粘土模型。除了对喷泉进行建模外，它还对海德公园喷泉周围的土地进行了改造。一旦完成，一个粘土模型的橡胶模型就被制作出来了，福特汽车公司对模型的铸件进行了数字扫描，以创建一个“三维扫描文件”。福特公司的“扫描文件”允许设计团队通过纪念馆的花岗岩环和周围地形创建剖面，以更详细地设计特征。这是该软件第一次被用于架构目的——它必须根据其通常的汽车行业应用进行调整。
Initially, a clay model was created by designers Kathryn Gustafson and Neil Porter. As well as modeling the fountain, it also incorporated the reworking of the land around the fountain in Hyde Park. Once completed, a rubber mould of the clay model was created and a cast from the mould was digitally scanned by the Ford Motor Company to create a ‘three-dimensional scan file’. The Ford ‘scan file’ allowed the design team to create sections through the Memorial’s granite ring and surrounding landform to develop the design of the features in more detail. This was the first time that this software had been used for architectural purposes – it had to be adapted from its usual automotive industry applications.

表面发展及；英国工程公司（SDE），一家专注于高质量计算机生成表面模型的英国公司，能够将设计从Gustafson Porter+Bowman发展为最终的平滑3D模型。他们用电脑模拟了纪念碑的完整形状，创建了一个无缝的电子文件，详细描述了纪念碑中545块石头的确切形状和位置。这个文件被称为“果冻模具”，然后可以为昂船洲人划分为单独的“虚拟”区块。
Surface Development & Engineering (SDE), a British firm specialising in high quality computer generated surface models were able to develop the design from Gustafson Porter + Bowman into the final smooth 3D model. They used their computers to model the full shape of the Memorial, creating a seamless electronic file detailing the exact shape and location of each of the 545 stones in the Memorial. This file, referred to as a ‘jelly mould’, could then be divided into individual ‘virtual’ blocks for the stonecutters.

Barron Gould Texus是一家专门从事纹理表面设计的英国公司，最近解决了以数字方式创建所有类型的纹理图案、在3D对象上可视化并在现实世界中再现这些图案的问题。他们被用来对表面图案进行计算机建模，然后被赋予将超过230平方米的独特表面效果与SDE的“果冻模具”文件合并的任务。
Barron Gould-Texxus, a British company specialising in the design of textured surfaces, had recently solved the problem of digitally creating all types of texture patterns, visualising them on 3D objects and reproducing them in the real world. They were employed to computer model the surface patterns and were then given the task of merging the more than 230 square metres of unique surface effects with SDE’s ‘jelly mould’ file.

这项突破性技术工作的成果是一套复杂的计算机文件，以工程精度描述了纪念碑中每块石头的精确形状和表面纹理。与此同时，伦敦帝国理工学院（Imperial College，London）在模型中建造了纪念碑的一个关键区域，称为“swoosh”。这是在试验中使用的微调壮观的水在这一关键部分的影响。水景专家奥克米斯制作了另一个模型，将“气泡”引入喷泉西侧。
The outcome of this groundbreaking technical effort was a set of complex computer files that described, with engineering accuracy, the precise shape and surface texture of each piece of stone in the Memorial. At the same time one key area of the Memorial, known as the ‘swoosh’, was built in mock up by Imperial College, London. This was used in trials to fine tune the spectacular water effects at this key section. Another mock-up was produced, by water feature specialists Ocmis, of the ‘bubbles’ introduced into the western side of the fountain.

Description of the Memorial Fountain:

这座喷泉于2004年7月开放，是一座与众不同的水景。纪念碑是一个椭圆形的水面，轻轻地覆盖着遗址的现有轮廓。该功能利用地形将水从两个方向引下山。Gustafson Porter+Bowman设计表达了“伸出手让进来”的概念。这是基于最受爱戴的威尔士王妃的品质、她的包容性和易接近性。喷泉被开阔的景观所包围，喷泉的存在具有向外辐射的能量，同时吸引着人们向喷泉靠近。沿着喷泉有各种各样的特征，这些特征是通过对石头进行纹理处理或添加喷水而形成的。
Opened in July 2004, this fountain is no ordinary water feature. The Memorial is an oval of water set lightly across the existing contours of the site. The feature uses the topography to divert the water downhill in two directions.The Gustafson Porter + Bowman design expresses the concept of ‘Reaching Out-Letting In’. This is based on the qualities of the Princess of Wales that were most loved, her inclusiveness and her accessibility. The presence of the fountain surrounded by open landscape has an energy which radiates outwards while at the same time draws people toward it. There are various features along the fountain which have been created by texturing the stone or by adding jets of water.

Source

水源位于水从喷泉底部冒出的最高点。大约每秒100升的水从蛇形石旁翻修过的厂房前的储水箱中泵出上山。它从这里向两个方向（东和西）下山。
The Source is located at the highest point where water bubbles up from the base of the fountain. Approximately 100 litres per second of water is pumped up hill from a storage tank in front of the refurbished plant room beside the Serpentine. From here it runs downhill in two directions (east and west).

EAST

Steps

The water bounces down a cascade of steps which have been richly textured with a surface evocative of natural patterns or pleated fabric.
After this there is a level crossing point for people to enter the heart of the oval from the outside of the ring.

Rock and Roll

The water then enters an area where the granite has been sculpted so that the water gently rocks and rolls as it travels along a subtle curve.

Swoosh

The water then picks up momentum before it enters a subtle curve where five water jets create patterns of water and additional energy is pumped into the fountain which the designers have named the ‘swoosh’.

WEST

Mountain Stream

The granite channel to the west of the Source has been highly textured using innovative stone cutting techniques to create a lively play of water which recalls a mountain stream or babbling brook. The water then passes under a level crossing point where the stone channel begins to flatten out.

Bubbles

As the water travels further, the channel widens out and air bubbles are introduced into the water in five locations. The bubbles are carried downstream where the water becomes a tumbling cascade of white water as it corners over a waterfall.

Chaddar

A ‘chaddar’ is a water feature created by the flow of water over elaborately carved stone found in traditional Mughal gardens. The chaddar is one of the prominent water features where the water spills over from the western side before tumbling into a large pool at the bottom of the ring.

The Reflecting Pool

从东部和西部来的水在水景最低点的反射池中结束其旅程。游泳池底部的特殊纹理使此处可见的水面变得生动。从喷泉两侧汇合在一起的水在此点离开喷泉环。然后将水抽回水源，继续其无休止的循环。
The water traveling from both east and west ends its journey in a reflective basin at the lowest point of the water feature. The visible surface of the water at this point is enlivened by special texturing at the bottom of the pool. The water which has joined together from both sides of the fountain leaves the ring at this point. The water is then pumped back to the Source to continue its unending cycle.

The Construction

设计必须面对制造的实际问题。石头的加工既需要精度，也需要速度。熟练的石匠本可以手工制作这件作品，但这需要他们一年多的时间。使用最新的CNC（计算机数控）机器，这一时间缩短到七个月。
The design had to face up to the practical issues of manufacturing. The working of the stone required both precision and speed. Skilled stonemasons would have been able to produce the work by hand but it would have taken them well over a year. Using the latest CNC (Computer Numerically Controlled) machines this was reduced to seven months.

作为迎接这一挑战和其他施工挑战的第一步，杰弗里·奥斯本有限公司被任命为总承包商，负责管理戴安娜王妃纪念馆的施工合同，包括土木工程、机械工程、，景观美化和砌石。
奥斯本附属大教堂工程组织（Cathedral Works Organization）的石匠专家负责管理纪念碑石材的采石、切割和放置。
As a first step to meeting this and other construction challenges, Geoffrey Osborne Ltd. was appointed as main contractor, responsible for the management of the construction contract of the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial, including civil engineering, mechanical engineering, landscaping and stonemasonry.
Expert stone masons at Cathedral Works Organisation, a subsidiary of Osborne, were given responsibility for managing the quarrying, cutting and placement of the stone for the Memorial.

纪念碑选用的石头是康沃尔恩斯通布里登有限公司采石场的“德兰克”花岗岩。这种石头耐磨且无孔，这意味着喷泉将是一个持久的创造物。对其他石头进行了调查，但认为不太可能经受住时间的考验。此外，“德兰克”因其浅色而在英国花岗岩中独树一帜，当它在纪念碑周围循环时，它将突出水的闪光品质。
The stone chosen for the Memorial is ‘De Lank’ granite from Ennstone Breedon Ltd’s quarry in Cornwall. This stone is hardwearing and non-porous, which means the fountain will be a long-lasting creation. Other stones were investigated but were considered less likely to stand the test of time. Also ‘De Lank’ is unique amongst UK granites because of its light colouring, which will highlight the sparkling quality of the water as it circulates around the memorial.

After a search by the design team, the UK stonecutters best able to do the complex and technically demanding work of cutting the granite were found to be S. McConnell and Sons, located in the foothills of the Mountains of Mourne, County Down, Northern Ireland.

The SDE/Barron Gould-Texxus computer files of the 545 stone sections were subsequently sent to S. McConnell and Sons. These files needed to be translated into ‘machine code’ that would guide the CNC machines. This critical task was carried out by Vero, a global company with offices in Gloucester.

Prototype stones were cut during June and early July and cutting of the actual stones began later that month, using granite extracted from the Cornish quarry and then driven north to Scotland before crossing the Irish Sea.

2003年6月，与奥斯本的一些直接分包商一起开始了现场工作。初始阶段包括去除表土和铺设地基。Ocmis有限公司与奥雅纳共同设计了喷泉的水力机械，并安装了必要的管道工程。随后，在2004年春天，对石头部分进行了组装，然后重建了周围的公园。
Work began on site in June 2003 with a number of Osborne direct subcontractors. Initial stages include removing the topsoil and laying the foundation. Ocmis Ltd who, in conjunction with Arup have designed the fountain’s water mechanics and have installed the necessary pipe work. This was followed by the assembly of the stone sections and then the re-establishment of the surrounding parkland in Spring 2004.

Project Management

文化,传媒及文化事务署,；体育部是负责向威尔士王妃戴安娜（Diana）递交国家纪念馆的政府部门。
皇家公园是管理海德公园和其他七个皇家公园的DCMS的执行机构（灌木丛公园、格林公园、格林威治公园、肯辛顿花园、丽晶公园和报春花山、里士满公园和圣詹姆斯公园）。因此，皇家公园负责管理该项目，并负责纪念碑的长期维护。
The Department of Culture, Media & Sport is the government department responsible for delivering the national memorial to Diana, Princess of Wales.
The Royal Parks is the Executive Agency of the DCMS that manages Hyde Park and the other seven Royal Parks (Bushy Park, Green Park, Greenwich Park, Kensington Gardens, Regent’s Park with Primrose Hill, Richmond Park and St James’s Park). As such The Royal Parks is responsible for managing the project and will also be responsible for the long term maintenance of the Memorial.

Bucknall Austin被保留为纪念项目的项目经理，代表DCMS和皇家公园管理合同。他们的职责包括合同管理和成本管理，包括设计和施工团队之间的协调和及时信息交流。
Bucknall Austin was retained as Project Managers for the Memorial project, administering the contract on behalf of DCMS and The Royal Parks. Their role consisted of contract administration and cost management, which includes co-ordination and timely information exchange between the design and construction teams.

景观设计：古斯塔夫森·波特+鲍曼
项目负责人：凯瑟琳·古斯塔夫森、尼尔·波特、玛丽·鲍曼
设计团队：朱莉娅·韦森多夫、塔玛拉·霍尔、弗朗西斯·克里斯蒂、马克斯·诺曼、马克·吉林厄姆、何塞·罗莎
合作者：巴伦·古尔德，Texus–表面纹理
表面开发和工程–表面设计
顾问：奥雅纳–工程、巴克纳尔·奥斯汀–项目管理、Ocmis–喷泉机械、帝国理工学院–液压测试
承包商：奥斯本–主承包商、大教堂工程–石材固定合同SMcConnell&；Sons–石材切割承包商
现场：英国伦敦海德公园
竞争：2002
投标：2003
现场：2003-2004
竣工：2004
Landscape Architecture: Gustafson Porter + Bowman
Project directors: Kathryn Gustafson, Neil Porter, Mary Bowman
Design team: Julia Wessendorf, Tamara Hall, Frances Christie, Max Norman, Mark Gillingham, Jose Rosa
Collaborators: Barron Gould, Texxus – Surface texture
Surface Development and Engineering- Surface design
Consultants: Arup – Engineering, Bucknall Austin – Project Management, Ocmis – Fountain mechanics, Imperial College – Hydraulic testing
Contractors: Osborne – Main Contractor, Cathedral Works – Stone fixing contractorm SMcConnell & Sons – Stone cutting contractor
Site: Hyde Park, London, UK
Competition: 2002
Tender: 2003
On site: 2003–2004
Completion: 2004