金华市燕尾洲公园
Yanweizhou Park in Jinhua City
This project is a finalist for Rosa Barba Prize and will be presented at the International Biennial of Landscape Architecture in Barcelona on 29th of September, 2016.
Turenscape：水弹性地形和种植被设计为适应季风洪水；弹性桥梁和路径系统旨在适应动态水流和人流。桥梁和小径连接着城市与自然，连接着过去与未来；弹性空间是为了满足歌剧院观众临时密集使用的需要而创建的，但也适合寻求亲密和阴影空间的人们的日常使用。河流的水流、人流和物体的重力交织在一起，形成了一个动态的和谐（图01）。这是通过蜿蜒的植被梯田、曲线路径、蜿蜒的桥梁、圆形生物洼地和种植床以及弯曲的长凳实现的。该项目赋予了这座城市新的身份，现在被誉为最富有诗意的景观。
Turenscape: Water resilient terrain and plantings are designed to adapt to the monsoon floods; A resilient bridge and paths system are designed to adapt to the dynamic water currents and people flows. The bridge and paths connect the city with nature and connect the past to the future; Resilient spaces are created to fulfill the need for temporary, intensive use by the audience from the opera house, yet are adaptable for daily use by people seeking intimate and shaded spaces. The river currents, the flow of people, and the gravity of objects are all woven together to form a dynamic concord (Figure 01). This is achieved through the meandering vegetated terraces, curvilinear paths, a serpentine bridge, circular bio-swales and planting beds, and curved benches. The project has given the city a new identity and is now acclaimed as its most poetic landscape.
Site and Challenges
在人口超过100万的金华市中心，最后一片面积超过64.5英亩（26公顷）的天然河岸湿地仍未开发。这片湿地（图02）位于武夷河和义乌河汇合形成金华河的地方，被称为燕尾洲，字面意思是“麻雀尾巴”。除了这条尾巴，河岸湿地已经被一座有机形状的歌剧院的建设所淘汰。
In the urban heart of Jinhua, a city with a population of over one million, one last piece of natural riparian wetland of more than 64.acres (26 ha) remains undeveloped. Located where the Wuyi River and Yiwu River converge to form Jinhua River, this wetland (Figure 02) is called Yanweizhou, literally meaning “the sparrow tail”. Beyond this tail, riparian wetlands have already been eliminated by the construction of an organically shaped opera house.
在燕尾洲公园项目实施之前，这三条河（每条河都超过100米宽）将该地区人口稠密的社区分隔开来。由于无法进入，包括歌剧院和毗邻燕尾洲的绿地在内的文化设施没有得到充分利用。剩余的50英亩（20公顷）河岸湿地被采砂场分割或破坏（图02）。现有湿地覆盖着以白杨树（Populus Canadensis）和枫杨树（Ferocarya stenoptera）为主的次生生长物，为白鹭等本地鸟类提供栖息地。
Before the Yanweizhou Park project was implemented, the three rivers, each of which is over 100 meters wide, divided the densely populated communities in the region. As a result of this inaccessibility, the cultural facilities, including the opera house and the green spaces adjacent to the Yanweizhou were underutilized. The remaining 50-acre (20 ha) riparian wetland was fragmented or destroyed by sand quarries (Figure 02). The existing wetland is covered with secondary growth dominated by poplar trees (Populus Canadensis) and Chinese Wingnut (Pterocarya stenoptera) that provide habitat for native birds like egrets.
4） 最后，也是最重要的一点，如何将分离的城区与自然河岸景观连接起来，以加强金华市的社区和文化认同？
The site conditions posed four major challenges to the landscape architect:
1) How can the remaining patch of riparian habitat be preserved while providing amenities to the residents of the dense urban center?
2) What approach to flood control should be used (prevention with a high, concrete retaining wall or cooperation by allowing the park to flood)?
3) How can the existing organically shaped building be integrated into the surrounding environment to create a cohesive landscape that provides a unique experience for visitors?
4) Finally, and most importantly, how can the separated city districts be connected to the natural riparian landscape to strengthen the community and cultural identity of the city of Jinhua?
Design Strategies: Resilient Landscape
Adaptive Tactics to Preserve and Enhance the Remnant Habitats
第一种适应性策略是充分利用现有河岸采石场，干预最少。通过这种方式，现有的微地形和自然植被得到了保护，允许不同的栖息地随着时间的推移而演变。通过增加本地湿地物种，该地区的生物多样性得到了调整和增强。这种丰富，特别是为鸟类和其他野生动物提供食物的物种，增加了生物多样性。
The first adaptive strategy was to make full use of the existing riparian sand quarries with minimum intervention. In this way, the existing micro-terrain and natural vegetation are preserved, allowing diverse habitats to evolve through time. The biodiversity of the area was adapted and enhanced through the addition of native wetland species. This enrichment, particularly of species that provide food for birds and other wildlife, increases biodiversity.
Water Resilient Terrain and Planting Design
由于其季风气候，金华每年遭受洪水。长期以来，控制洪水的策略是建造更坚固、更高的混凝土防洪墙，以便为城市发展提供廉价的土地。河岸和河岸漫滩上的这些墙切断了城市、植被和水之间的密切关系，同时最终加剧了每年洪水的破坏力。
Due to its monsoon climate, Jinhua suffers from annual flooding. For a long time, the strategy to control flooding was to build stronger and taller concrete floodwalls to yield cheap land for urban development. These walls along the riverbanks and riparian flood plains severed the intimate relationship between the city, the vegetation, and the water, while ultimately exacerbating the destructive force of the annual floods.
按照这个公式，已经建造或计划建造坚硬的高墙，以保护河岸湿地的最后一块（延威州）免受20年和50年洪水的影响。这些防洪墙会在水面上形成干燥的公园，但会破坏郁郁葱葱、充满活力的湿地生态系统。因此，景观设计师设计了一个对比鲜明的解决方案，并说服市政府停止修建混凝土防洪墙并拆除其他防洪墙。取而代之的是，燕尾洲项目通过使用挖填策略来平衡土方工程，并通过创建一个覆盖着适应洪水的原生植被的水弹性梯田河堤（图03），与洪水“交朋友”。可浸水的人行道（图11）和凉亭与种植梯田（图10）整合在一起，在短期浸水期间将对公众关闭。洪水带来了沉积在阶地上的肥沃淤泥（图05），丰富了河岸栖息地的高草生长条件（图12）。因此，一年中的任何时候都不需要灌溉或施肥。梯田路堤还将修复和过滤路面上方的雨水。尽管与数百公里的河堤相比，所采用的设计和策略只涉及一小部分，但燕尾洲公园项目展示了大规模洪水管理的可复制和弹性生态解决方案（图05）。
Following this formula, hard high walls have been built (Figure 02), or were planned to be built, to protect the last patch of riparian wetland (Yanweizhou) from the 20-year and 50-year floods. These floodwalls would create dry parkland above the water, but destroy the lush and dynamic wetland ecosystem. Therefore, the landscape architect devised a contrasting solution, and convinced the city authority to stop the construction of the concrete floodwall and to demolish others. Instead, the Yanweizhou project “makes friends” with flooding by using a cut-and-fill strategy to balance earthwork and by creating a water-resilient terraced river embankment (Figure 03) that is covered with flood adapted native vegetation. Floodable pedestrian paths (Figure 11) and pavilions are integrated with the planting terraces (Figure 10), which will be closed to the public during the short period of flooding. The floods bring fertile silt that is deposited over the terraces (Figure 05) and enrich the growing condition for the tall grasses (Figure 12) that are native to the riparian habitat. Therefore, no irrigation or fertilization is required at any time of the year. The terraced embankment will also remediate and filtrate the storm water from the pavement above. Although the design and strategies employed address only a small section compared to the hundreds of kilometers of river embankment, the Yanweizhou Park project showcases a replicable and resilient ecological solution to large-scale flood management (Figure 05).
除了梯田河堤外，内陆地区完全具有透水性，以便通过广泛使用现场再利用材料的砾石创造出具有水弹性的景观（图14）。砾石用于行人区，圆形生物洼地与植树机集成（图15），透水混凝土路面用于车辆通道和停车场。内陆的内池设计用于鼓励河水通过砾石层渗透（图06）。这在机械上和生物上都能改善水质，使水可饮用。
In addition to the terraced river embankment, the inland area is entirely permeable in order to create a water resilient landscape through the extensive use of gravel that is re-used material from the site (Figure 14). The gravel is used for the pedestrian areas, the circular bio-swales are integrated with tree planters (Figure 15), and permeable concrete pavement is used for vehicular access routes and parking lots. The inner pond on the inland is designed to encourage river water to infiltrate through gravel layers (Figure 06). This mechanically and biologically improves the water quality to make the water swimmable.
A Resilient Pedestrian Bridge Connects City and Nature, Future and Past
一座人行天桥蜿蜒穿过两条河流，连接着城市南部和北部地区的河岸公园，并将城市与河流内新建的燕尾洲公园连接起来（图01和图08）。这座桥的设计灵感来源于当地春节期间舞龙的传统。为了庆祝这个节日，许多家庭把他们的木凳绑在一起，创造出一条长长的、五颜六色的龙，它蜿蜒穿过田野，沿着狭窄的土路行进。音乐家们敲锣打鼓，伴随着村民们的唱歌、跳舞和叫喊，老少皆宜。长凳龙在长度和形式上是灵活的，因为人们参加或离开庆典。龙根据人流的力量弯曲和扭曲。与年度庆典中的长凳龙一样，“长凳龙桥”不仅象征着金华地区的一种庆典形式，而且是一种纽带，加强了该地区特有的文化和社会身份（图07）。作为水弹性基础设施，新桥被提升到200年一遇的洪水水位以上，而连接河岸湿地公园的斜坡在20年一遇及更大洪水期间可能被淹没。洪水淹没了公园很短的一段时间。这座桥还盘旋在河岸湿地的保护区之上，让游客与城市内的自然有着亲密的联系。桥上的许多坡道为来自城市不同位置的居民提供了灵活方便的通道，以适应人流。景观设计师设计这座桥是为了加强节日的乡土传统，同时也是一种艺术形式，明亮的红色和黄色色调大胆多彩地结合在一起（图09），通过夜间照明得到加强。这座桥全长2300英尺（700米），由钢结构、玻璃纤维扶手和竹子铺砌而成。主桥宽5米，有4米宽的坡道（图08）。这座桥的正式名称是巴雍桥（八经桥），是根据古代八首关于遗址周围景观的著名诗歌命名的。这是一座真正具有弹性的桥梁，能够适应河流水流和人流，同时将城市与自然、未来与过去联系在一起。
A pedestrian bridge snakes across the two rivers, linking the parks along the riverbanks in both the southern and northern city districts, and connecting the city with the newly constructed Yanweizhou Park within the river (Figure 01 and 08). The bridge design was inspired by the local tradition of dragon dancing during the Spring Festival. For this celebration many families bind their wooden benches together to create a long and colorful dragon that winds through the fields and along narrow dirt paths. Musicians sound gongs and beat drums, to the accompaniment of singing, dancing and yelling by villagers, young and old. The Bench Dragon is flexible in length and form as people join or leave the celebration. The dragon bends and twists according to the force of human flow. Like the bench dragon in the annual celebration the “Bench Dragon Bridge” symbolizes not only a form of celebration practiced in Jinhua area, but is a bond that strengthens a cultural and social identity that is unique to this area (Figure 07). As water-resilient infrastructure, the new bridge is elevated above the 200-year flood level, while the ramps connecting the riparian wetland park can be submerged during the 20-year and larger floods. Floodwaters cover the park for a very short period of time. The bridge also hovers above the preserved patch of riparian wetland and allows visitors an intimate connection to nature within the city. The many ramps to the bridge create flexible and easy access for residents from various locations of the city in adaptation to the flow of people. The landscape architect designed the bridge to reinforce the festive, vernacular tradition, but also as an art form with a bold and colorful combination of bright red and yellow tones (Figure 09) that are strengthened by night lighting. All together 2,300’ (700 m) long, the bridge is composed of a steel structure with fiberglass handrails and bamboo paving. The main bridge is five meters wide, with four-meter wide ramps (Figure 08). This bridge is officially named Bayong Bridge (Bridge of Eight Chants), after eight famous poems written in ancient times about landscapes surrounding the site. It is truly a resilient bridge that is adaptive to river currents and the flows of people while binding city and nature, future and past.
Resilient Space for a Dynamic Experience
大型椭圆形歌剧院（由浙江建筑学院设计）对景观设计师提出了重大挑战。首先，建筑形状倾向于排斥而不是拥抱用户和景观（图01）。因此，第一个挑战是设计创新的形式来欢迎和拥抱游客。其次，建筑附近的区域需要容纳大量的歌剧观众，同时需要亲密的空间和充足的阴影。最后，设计师们面临的挑战是如何将单一的防洪大型物体整合到可淹没的河岸滨水区。该设计使用曲线作为基本语言，包括曲线桥、梯田和种植床、黑白同心铺设带以及定义圆形和椭圆形种植区域和活动空间的蜿蜒路径。在歌剧院的活动期间，空间组织和设计形式为大量观众建立了广阔的铺砌区域。然而，形式和壁龛的包含为个人、夫妻和小团体创造了场所（图04）。路面的动态地面和种植模式定义了圆形生物洼地和种植床，密集种植原生树木和竹子，由玻璃纤维制成的长凳固定（图15）。圆形生物洼地和种植斑块类似于河流上的雨滴涟漪（图04）。这些曲线和圆圈是将建筑和环境融为一体的统一模式语言。反向曲线同时表示建筑物的形状和规模，同时形成对比鲜明的形状，在规模上是人性化的，并封闭起来，以便进行更亲密的聚会。它们还反映了水流、人和物体的动态流动交织在一起，共同创造了一个生动、愉悦和实用的空间。
The large oval opera house (designed by the Zhejiang Architecture Institute) posed significant challenges for the landscape architect. First the building shape tends to repel rather than embrace the user and landscape (Figure 01). Therefore, the first challenge was devising innovative forms that would welcome and embrace the visitor. Secondly, the area near the building needed to accommodate the large opera audience as well as the need for intimate spaces and ample shade. Finally, the designers were challenged with the problem of how to integrate the singular flood-proof big object into the floodable, riparian waterfront. The design uses curves as the basic language, including the curvilinear bridge, terraces and planting beds, concentric paving bands of black and white, and meandering paths that define circular and oval planting areas and activity spaces. The spatial organization and design forms establish an extensive paved area for a large audience during the events at the opera house. However, the forms and the inclusion of alcoves create places for the individual, couples and small groups (Figure 04). The dynamic ground of the pavement and planting patterns define circular bio-swales and planting beds, densely planted with native trees and bamboo, bound by long benches made of fiberglass (Figure 15). The circular bio-swales and planting patches resemble raindrop ripples on the river (Figure 04). These curves and circles are the unifying pattern language that integrates the building and the environment into a harmonious whole. The reverse curves simultaneously refer to the shape and scale of the building while forming a contrasting shape that is human in scale and enclosed for more intimate gatherings. They also reflect the weaving of the dynamic fluxes of currents, people and material objects that together create a lively pleasant and functional space.
The project is a proven success. After the park opened in May 2014, an average of 40,000 visitors used the park and the bridge each day. The local media exclaimed: “the whole city is crazy about one single bridge!” And now, the Yanweizhou Park has created a new identity for the city of Jinhua.
Figure 01. The site plan for a resilient landscape
图02。预先存在的条件（之前）和转换（之后）。现有场地为河岸湿地，被采砂场和混凝土防洪墙毁坏。弹性设计策略通过设计生态友好的堤岸，极大地改变了现场，使现场可进入并连接隔离的城市。
Figure 02. Pre-existing Conditions (before) and Transformations (after). The existing site was a riparian wetland ruined by sand quarry and concrete floodwalls. The resilient design strategy dramatically transformed the site through the design of an eco-friendly embankment, making the site accessible and connecting the segregated city.
图03。放坡平面图和剖面图：拆除防洪墙，采用挖填策略创建阶地，使场地与洪水配合。这种设计是100%可渗透的。路面包括行人用砾石路面、种植用生物洼地和汽车用透水混凝土。
Figure 03. Grading Plan and Section: Flood walls are removed and a cut and fill strategy is used to create terraces to make the site cooperate with flooding. The design is 100% permeable. The surfaces include gravel surfaces for pedestrians, bio-swales for planting, and permeable concrete for automobile use.
Figure 04. An aerial view of the park during the dry season, note the lush tall grasses covering the terraces on the embankment. The terraces are enriched by silt deposited during the flood season (view is toward the west, photo: November, 2014).
Figure 05. An aerial view of the park during the monsoon season showing a 20-year flood and testifying to the flood resilient design. Note the uninterrupted connection of the city through the bridge (the view is toward the west, photo: May, 2014).
Figure 06. The inner pond on the inland is designed to allow water to infiltrate from the river through the gravel layers that make the otherwise dirty river water swimmable (kids playing in the pond, summer, 2014).
图07。标志性的巴雍桥以白话长凳舞龙为灵感，不仅仅是一个连接基础设施。它吸引了成千上万的居民和游客，每天有四万多人参观大桥。它恢复了城市的本土文化特征（清晨场景，2014）。
Figure 07. Inspired by the vernacular Bench Dragon Dancing, the iconic Bayong Qiao bridge is more than a connecting infrastructure. It attracts thousands of residents and tourists, and over forty thousand people visit the bridges daily. It recovers the vernacular cultural identity of the city (early morning scene, 2014).
Figure 08. The Bayong Qiao bridge flys above the former sand quarry and connects the city with nature. The former sand quarry has been transformed into a pleasant park that allows people to have intimate contact with the remnant patch of the wetland forest.
Figure 09. With multiple ramps aligned to the flow of people, the Bayong Qiao bridge is more than a physical link. It is a social connection that helps to build the community by creating a gathering space for families and residents who walk, jog and chat together on the bridge.
图10。美丽的梯田堤岸是通过拆除混凝土防洪墙，并通过挖填平衡现场土方工程的策略建造的。梯田创造了一个抗洪区，让人们可以享受适应季节性洪水的茂盛高草（朝西北方向看）。
Figure 10. The beautiful terraced embankment was built by removing the concrete floodwall and through a cut-and-fill strategy that balances the earthwork on-site. The terraces create a flood resilient zone that allows people to enjoy the lush tall grasses adaptive to the seasonal floods (view toward the northwest).
Figure 11. The flood-adapted boardwalk integrates the path system with the terraces. This path affords visitors an intimate naturalistic experience over the riparian vegetation. The elevated boardwalk is just above the five-year flood level (view is toward the southwest).
Figure 12. The terraced embankment in flood resilient zone is accessible through stairs and paths along the top of terrace walls for emersion within the varied texture, color and movement of the lovely grass panels (view is toward the east).
Figure 13. This pavilion provides a dramatic viewpoint as it extends above the 200-year flood level. The pavilion features a detailed view of the pond water feature and expansive views of the river, the city and the Bayong Qiao bridge.
图14。内陆地区的表面具有百分之百的透水性。由现场材料产生的砾石被回收利用，形成行人表面。砾石表面与单位摊铺机和透水混凝土交替，形成独特的图案。生物洼地与植树机集成，可渗透混凝土路面用于汽车路线、交通使用和停车场。
Figure 14. The surface of the inland area is hundred percent permeable. Generated from on-site materials, gravel is recycled to create pedestrian surfaces. Gravel surfaces alternate with unit pavers and permeable concrete to create a distinctive pattern. Bio-swales are integrated with tree planters, and permeable concrete pavement is used for automobile routes traffic use and parking lots.
Figure 15. Circular spaces punctuate the extensive paved area needed when the opera house is in use and provide intimate shaded spaces for daily use. Long fiberglass benches encircle the bio-swales planted with native water adapted species, such as Chinese Redwood.
完成日期：2014年
A Resilient Landscape: Yanweizhou Park in Jinhua City
Kongjian Yu, Peking University College of Architecture and Landscape, and Turenscape
Location: Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province, China
Project Type: Park
Designed: 2013
Built: May 2014
Size: 26 Hectares
Client; Jinhua Municipal Government
Design Firm: Turenscape
Design Team: Kongjian Yu (design principal), Hongqian Yu, Yu Song, Yuan Fang, Shuiming zhou, hui Tong, Shenghui Li, Chujie Lin, Dengfeng Chen
Completion: 2014
