索普隆城堡区复兴

索普隆城堡区复兴
Sopron Castle District Revitalization

Hetedik Műterem:Sopron城堡区是一条40-60米宽的大道，形成于沿着城墙的沟渠外缘，该沟渠环绕着小镇的前历史核心，即所谓的冰川斜坡。因此，从城堡墙壁的方向看，一排房屋，主要是18-19世纪建造的洛可可式和路易十六式风格，呈现出交替的建筑高度，通常在狭窄的地块上发展。唯一的例外是，有一处正面因战争破坏而中断，城堡墙的一部分作为视觉元素显露出来。最外层的一排房屋由早期的部分中世纪建筑组成，这些建筑具有更宽的地块划分，形成了天井式房屋，通过通道与城堡区相连。艺龙网在损坏了周边市场后，损坏了市场，在十九世纪中旬损坏了部分市场。在19世纪，城堡区与其说是一条林荫道，不如说是一个毗连的、略微向外倾斜的地区，尽管沿着它还有一条有轨电车线路。
Hetedik Műterem: The Castle District of Sopron is a 40-60 meter wide boulevard, which was formed on the outer skirt of the ditch running along the city walls that encircled the former historical core of the town, on the so called glacis slope. Consequently, from direction of the castle walls the row of houses, mostly of Rococo and Louis XVI style built in the 18th-19th century, appears with alternating building height, developed typically on narrow plots. The only exception is one spot where the facade is interrupted by war damages and part of the castle wall reveals as a visual element. The outer row of houses consists of earlier, partly medieval buildings with wider lot divisions, resulting in patio houses that are connected to Castle District with passages. Once long ago – after the development of the surrounding facades – market function was present in this area of historical significance: it gave place to cattle markets or at some parts of it hay markets were held in the middle of the 19th century. In the 19th century, the Castle District was more of a contiguous, slightly outwards sloping area than a boulevard, even though also a tram line was running along it.

Sopron Castle District Revitalization

BEFORE

Sopron Castle District Revitalization

Historic photo

Sopron Castle District Revitalization

Historic photo

20世纪下半叶，城堡区更新设计过程之前的主要条件形成。当时，根据帕尔·博隆凯的计划开发了一个交通系统，包括挡土墙、铰接式和分离式交通路线（便道）。这种交通占主导地位的状态将行人交通限制在最低限度，同时纵向分隔了曾经相邻的空间。交通灯交叉口、便道、过往车辆和寻找停车场的车辆将行人交通限制在沿着墙壁的狭窄范围内。在改造之前，整个城堡区实际上是一个相邻的停车场。宽阔的公共场所，这座巨大而相邻的广场，堪称一座城市，其慷慨程度被过度建造和过度连接：该区域布满了挡土墙、道路和树篱，挡住了视线。城堡区住宅底层接待和贸易的传统功能优势并未伴随相应的公共空间连接（如咖啡露台、室外餐饮区）。公共空间的建筑元素（历史建筑）的美学和技术条件较差，该区域失去了一个单一的整体形象，本可以为城堡区提供身份。圣母玛利亚雕像和忠诚泉（Hűség kútja）之间的地方是索普朗最重要的公共空间之一。然而，它被不公正地分割开来，并被挡土墙和楼梯隔开。
Conditions prevailing before the design process of the Castle District’s renewal were formed during the second half of the 20th century. At that time, a traffic system was developed on basis of Pál Boronkai’s plans with retain walls, articulated and separated traffic routes (service road). This traffic-dominated state restricted pedestrian traffic to the minimum and at the same time it longitudinally separated the once contiguous space. Traffic light intersections, service roads, cars passing and searching for parking place restricted pedestrian traffic to a narrow stipe along the walls. Prior to the conversion, actually the whole Castle District was one contiguous parking lot. The generosity of the extremely wide public place, the large and contiguous square worthy of a city was overbuilt and over-articulated: the area was filled with retaining walls, roads and hedges blocking the view. The traditional functional dominance of hospitality and trade on the ground floors of the Castle District houses was not accompanied by corresponding public space connections (e.g. coffee terraces, outdoor catering areas). The architectural elements (historic buildings) of the public space were in poor aesthetic and technical condition, and the area missed a single, integrated image that could have provided the Castle District with identity. The place between the statue of Virgin Mary and the Fountain of Loyalty (=Hűség kútja) is one of the most important public spaces in Sopron. Nevertheless, it was unjustly fragmented and divided by retaining walls and stairs.

2009年秋天，索普朗市议会宣布了一项全国性的、秘密的、公开的建筑竞赛，题目是“索普朗——城堡区的复兴”。比赛由Hetedik Műterem Kft赢得。与景观设计师合作伙伴GEUM Műterem Kft合作。经过几年的设计工作，公共空间更新的第一个也是最引人注目的阶段，到2015年，大约15000平方米的大面积已经完成。
In autumn 2009, the city council of Sopron announced a national, secret, open architectural competition with the title „Sopron – Revitalization of the Castle District”. The competition was won by Hetedik Műterem Kft. in collaboration with its landscape designer partner GEUM Műterem Kft. In the course of several years of design work, the first and most spectacular phase of the public space renewal, an approx. 15 thousand m2 large area has been completed by 2015.

城堡区的美丽在于其不断变化的横截面和几乎半公里长的不断变化的空间关系所创造的特征；而这一切都属于瓦克洛特（Castle Boulevard），属于它的活力和慷慨。这种二元性，即纵向动态性和横向多样性的二分法，是我们希望在计划中加强的最大价值。关键的概念是，当站在城堡区的任何一点时，人们都应该知道并感觉到他/她就在这个区域的这一部分。然而，也需要适度的方法，因为沿内曲线和外曲线的历史发展的正面是决定性的城市设计元素，因此没有必要与它们争夺主导地位。
The beauty of the Castle District lies in its character created by the continuously changing cross sections and constantly varying spatial relations along almost half a kilometer length; and by the feature that all this belongs to Várkörút (Castle Boulevard), to its dynamism and generosity. This duality, namely the dichotomy of the longitudinal dynamism and cross-sectional diversity is the greatest value that we wanted to strengthen in our plan. The key concept was that when standing at any point of the Castle District one should know and feel that he/she is in this very part of the area. However, moderate approach was also required since the facades of the historic development along the inner and outer curves are determinative urban design elements, thus competing with them for dominance is unnecessary.

在对公用设施进行全面改造后，安装了新的路灯，并根据更新的交通系统形成了新的以行人为主的路面。由于历史环境和以前的状态，我们的主要目标是创建一个外观（颜色）均匀、向外弧倾斜的路面，通过使用材料提供高贵的效果。这就是为什么我们选择深色熟料砖和花岗岩条纹，以确保空间结构的统一性。后者的图形，就像乐谱中的线条一样，旨在安排公共空间建筑的不同特征，而不影响整体感。由于公用事业网络的密度，绿化和种植需要非常小心。虽然中央区域设计了带有刺穿树叶的高大树木，但在建筑物旁边放置了树冠较小的树种——部分是为了确保历史建筑正面的主导景观，另一方面是因为步行区的不同功能要求。
After the complete reconstruction of utilities, new street lighting was installed and new pedestrian-dominated surfaces were formed in accordance with the renewed traffic system. Because of the historic environment and the former state, our main objective was to create a pavement with uniform appearance (color) evenly sloping towards the outer arc, providing a noble effect with its use of material. That is why we chose dark-colored clinker bricks and granite stripes ensuring the unity of the spatial structure. The graphics of the latter, like lines in sheet music, were meant to arrange the different features of public space architecture without disturbing the sense of integrity. Due to the public utility network’s density, landscaping and planting demanded great care. While high trees with pierced foliage were designed to the central zone, tree species with smaller canopy were placed next to the buildings – partly in order to ensure a dominant view for the historic facades, and on the other hand because of the different functional requirements of the pedestrian-dominated areas.

在该地区的重心处建造了一个亭子，容纳必要的服务室和厕所。该建筑具有精细的混凝土表面，具有板模板纹理、预制钢筋混凝土百叶窗和木质镶板外墙，巧妙地唤起了20世纪下半叶在索普隆完成的卓越纪念性重建工程的重要性。城堡区的第一个也是最大的一个阶段已经完成，现在它为城市核心周围地区的进一步发展指明了方向。已经启动的市中心公共广场复兴将随着两个大型互联区域的更新而完成，即Kisvárkerület（小城堡区）和Széchenyi tér。
A pavilion was built in the area’s center of gravity, accommodating the necessary service rooms and toilets. The building has fine concrete surfaces with board formwork texture, precast reinforced concrete louvers and wood-paneled facades, subtly evoking the materiality of the excellent monumental reconstruction works accomplished in the second half of the 20th century in Sopron. The first and largest phase of the Castle District has been completed, and now it indicates the direction for further developments of the areas surrounding the city core. The already started public plaza revitalization of the city center will be finished with the renewal of two large connected areas, Kisvárkerület (Small Castle District) and Széchenyi tér.

关于更新的公共空间，巴纳巴斯·温克勒（Barnabs Winkler）在他的评论中写道：“城市的游客，尤其是索普隆的居民，显然对重新焕发活力的市区感到高兴。城堡区不再仅仅是一个流通区，而是充满了真实的城市生活……城堡区曾经亲密的氛围已经回归，用现代材料重新塑造，但保留了小镇的舒适感。”（Régi-új MagyarÉpítőművészet 2016/3）
With regard to the renewed public space, Barnabás Winkler wrote in his review: “Visitors to the city, but especially the residents of Sopron are visibly happy about the revitalized urban district. The Castle District is no longer merely a circulation zone, but it is filled with real urban life … The once intimate atmosphere of the Castle District has returned, being reformulated with modern materials, but preserving the small-town coziness.” (Régi-új Magyar Építőművészet 2016/3)

Data

Address: Sopron, Castle District
Area: appr. 15 000 m2 public space and 40m2 public building
Design phase: 2009 (national competition), 2010-2013
Construction: 2014-2015

Client: Sopron City Council

无障碍：安娜·科尔马尼奥斯
Architecture: Hetedik Műterem Ltd.
Architect in charge: Levente Szabó DLA
Landscape design: Csenge Csontos (†), Borbála Gyüre, Gergely Lád Geum Műterem
Co-architects: Balázs Biri, Jessica Dvorzsák, Dávid Kohout, Orsolya Simon (Competition: Orsolya Almer, András Páll, Tibor Tánczos)
Inspector of monuments: András Veöreös, Sándor Tárkányi
Traffic engineering: Ádám Rhorer, András Mezey (Közlekedés Ltd.)
Public utilities: Ádám Szabó (Aqua-Duo-Sol Ltd.)
Street lighting technology: Tibor Galazka, Ferenc Horváth (GT-Vill Ltd.)
Civil engineer: Csaba Horváth
Structural expert: Géza Kapovits
Water engineering: Gergely Drobni, László Skublics
Accessibility: Anna Kormányos

General contractor: VEMÉVSZER Ltd.

Awards: ICOMOS Award 2016,
DaNS 20th Salon of Architecture in Novi Sad, Salon Award in urban design category
Photos: Balázs Danyi