马丘比丘的三个项目

马丘比丘的三个项目
Three Projects for Machu Picchu

洛纳扎莫拉：位于库斯科的马丘比丘印加城堡是秘鲁最具标志性的遗址。联合国教科文组织这一人类历史文化遗产每天接待2500名游客。大量旅游活动造成的即将到来的侵蚀已导致秘鲁政府推动遗址保护战略。鉴于这种情况，2014年，秘鲁文化部（MINCUL）和库斯科文化分散化方向（DDC Cusco）宣布了“马丘比丘国家考古公园干预建筑理念”竞赛。获胜者的提案属于建筑师Michelle R。Llona是秘鲁建筑公司LLONAZAMORA的负责人。
LLONAZAMORA: The Inca citadel of Machu Picchu, located in Cusco, is the most iconic site of Peru. This UNESCO historical and cultural heritage of humanity receives 2500 visitors per day. The imminent erosion caused by the high number tourist activity has lead the Peruvian government to promote site conservation strategies. Given this scenario, in 2014 the Ministry of Culture of Peru (MINCUL) and the Decentralized Direction of Culture of Cusco (DDC-Cusco) announced the competition “Architecture Ideas for the interventions in the National Archaeological Park of Machu Picchu”. The winner proposal belonged to the architect Michelle R. Llona head of the Peruvian architecture firm LLONAZAMORA.

比赛结束后，MINCUL和DDC Cusco于2016年制定了“马丘比丘新管理战略愿景”报告，该报告阐述了保护目标，并提出了更全面和可持续的管理模式，。新的方法试图从仅仅基于印加城堡的实际游览的旅游体验转变为解读更大领土的体验。这种有意义的方法将马丘比丘与涉及其所有环境的景观、考古和文化层面联系起来。
Following the competition, in 2016 the MINCUL and DDC-Cusco developed the “Strategic Vision for the New Management of Machu Picchu” report which addresses the conservation objectives and proposes a more comprehensive and sustainable management model,. The new approach seeks to move from a tourist experience based only on the physical tour of the Inca citadel, to the experience of interpreting a larger territory. This meaningful approach connects Machu Picchu with landscape, archaeological and cultural dimensions that involve all its environment.

Three Projects for Machu Picchu

在马丘比丘的新管理层中，三个建筑部分是其主要目标发展的关键：游客中心、大道和桥梁。其结果是一个综合系统：一个建筑和景观总体规划，强调领土和印加遗产，同时加强从马丘比丘镇（以前称为阿古斯卡连特斯）到城堡入口的旅游体验。预计这些初步干预措施将确保自然和考古资源的保护和可持续性，提高访问质量，并促进当地居民采取更负责任的立场。此外，总体规划的三个不同规模中的每一个都仔细地提出了一个特定的建筑解决方案，使用特定的材料和施工细节来面对可持续性和耐久性问题。
Within this new management of Machu Picchu, three architectural pieces are key for the development of its main objective: a visitor center, a boulevard and a bridge. The result is an integrated system: an architectural and landscape masterplan that emphasizes the territory and Inca legacy while enhancing the tourist experience from Machu Picchu town (formerly known as Aguas Calientes) to the entrance of the Citadel. These first interventions are expected to ensure the conservation and sustainability of natural and archaeological resources, improve the quality of the visit and promote a more responsible stance from the local population. Furthermore, each of the three different scales of the master plan carefully proposes a particular architecture solution, using specific materials and construction details to face issues of sustainability and durability.

Machu Picchu Visitor Center

新的游客中心将成为马丘比丘考古公园（PANMP）的大门。该项目位于山脚下的Vilcanota河对岸，与通往马丘比丘或拉克塔城堡的一系列路线（道路、自行车道和人行道）相连。建筑方案分为三个建筑，由不同的广场连接。这三个结构保持了Llaqta中印加山墙的比例。因此，建筑物的屋顶与周围的景观相映成趣。在木质天花板下，一个大型公共项目构成了游客中心。它强化了一种内部体验，平衡了外部景观的扩张性，旨在让游客为山顶场景做好准备。外部建筑延伸到地形上，构成现有印加城墙的框架，并将其添加到现有游客路线中。这些公共空间充当建筑之间的连接平台，将游客中心与通往Llaqta的路线沿线的景观连接在一起。
The new visitor center will be the gateway to Machu Picchu Archaeological Park (PANMP). The project is located across the Vilcanota River, at the base of the mountain, connected to a series of routes (road, bike and pedestrian paths) leading to the citadel of Machu Picchu or Llaqta. The architectural program is divided and organized into three buildings connected by different plazas. These three structures maintain the proportion suggested by the Inca gables seen in the Llaqta. Therefore the roofs of the buildings are in dialogue with the surrounding landscape. Under the wooden ceilings, a large public program configures the visitor center. It reinforces an experience of interiority that counterbalances the expansiveness of the outside landscape and is meant to prepare the visitors for the mountain top scenario. The exterior architecture extends over the topography framing the existing Inca walls and adding them to existing visitor’s routes. These public spaces serve as linking platforms between the buildings, articulating and integrating the Visitor Center with the landscape that accompanies the route towards the Llaqta.

Boulevard

这条大道沿维尔卡诺塔河延伸约2公里，连接马丘比丘镇和PANMP入口。这条小路是该地区最大的公共空间。它建立在保护这一重要基础设施的复杂海防系统之上。该项目确定了沿线七个广场，为居民和游客提供休息和会议空间。项目横截面由三条道路组成：机动车道、自行车道（鼓励当地居民进行新形式的旅游和步行），以及补充后两条并向游客介绍自然景观的步行道。这条充满绿色植物的小径是基于一系列预制混凝土和科尔顿钢（Corten steel）与花岗岩鹅卵石和其他石材组合而成的。林荫大道的重要性旨在将河床大气延伸至道路，同时为附近的花岗岩采石场提供价值，并整合该地的景观和植被。
The boulevard goes along the Vilcanota River for approximately 2 km, connecting Machu Picchu town with the entry of the PANMP. This pathway is the largest public space in the area. It is built on the top of a complex system of coastal defenses that protect this essential infrastructure. The project defines seven plazas along the route offering resting and meeting spaces for residents and tourists. The project cross section consists of three pathways: the vehicular road, the bike lane (which encourages new forms of tourism and walk for the local population), and the pedestrian path that complements the last two and introduces visitors to the natural landscape. This pathway, full of greenery, is designed based on a series of prefabricated pieces of concrete and Corten steel, which are combined with the cobblestones of granite and other stone elements. The materiality of the boulevard seeks to extend the riverbed atmosphere up to the road, while giving value to the nearby granite quarry in value and integrating the landscape and the vegetation of the place.

Bridge

这座桥是一个小规模公共空间的集合，它肯定了游客在参观完马丘比丘（Llaqta Machu Picchu）后的最后休息点。它还提供了在加强城堡出口路线的同时思考考古景观的观点。该结构不模仿印加建筑，它将自身设置在尽可能远离考古现场的位置，以放置其基础。该设计基于74米长的Corten钢梁，只有三个支撑点，以允许植被生长，并尽可能减少对山坡的影响。这一综合干预系统旨在提供一个建筑平台，突出印加人的景观和遗产，同时加强游客的体验和与当地社区的关系。
The bridge is an ensemble of small scale public spaces, which affirms the final rest point for visitors, after visiting the Llaqta Machu Picchu. It also provides viewpoints to contemplate the archaeological landscape while reinforcing the exit route of the citadel. This structure does not mimic the Inca constructions and it sets itself as far as possible from the archaeological site to place its foundations. The design is based on a Corten steel beam of 74 meters long with only three points of support to allow vegetation to grow and reduce the impact on mountain slopes as possible. This integrated system of interventions seeks to offer an architectural platform that highlights the landscape and the legacy of the Incas, while enhancing the experience of tourists and the relationship with the local community.

Visitor Center:

年份：2016年
Architect: Arch. Michelle Llona
Project Manager: Arch. Rafael Zamora, Arch. María Alejandra Linares
Design Team: Arch. Carolina Zegarra, Arch. Sebastián Schwarz, Arch. Karen Vila
Specialties:
– Museography: Arch. Juan Carlos Burga
– Museology: Archaeologist Cecilia Pardo
– Structural Engineering (concrete): Engineer Luis Flores
– Structural Engineering (timber): Arch. Luis Takahashi
– Installation Engineering: JG Engineers
– Lighting: Hilite SAC
– Safety Engineering: Arch. Eddie Tafur
– Environmental conditioning: POGGIONE BIONDI Arquitectos
Location: Region of Cusco, Province of Urubamba, District of Machu Picchu
Constructed area: 9,253.49m2
Client: Ministry of Culture of Peru (MINCUL) and the Decentralized Direction of Culture of Cusco (DDC-Cusco)
Year: 2016

Landscape

–安全工程：Arch。埃迪·塔福尔
Architect: Arch. Rafael Zamora, Arch. María Alejandra Linares
Project Manager: Arch. Claudia Bode
Design Team: Arch. Gabriela Aquije, Arch. Carolina Zegarra, Arch. Sebastián Schwarz, Arch. Karen Vila, Arch. Cristina Bonta
Specialties:
– Agronomical Engineering: Engineer José Palacios
– Tree Nursery: Greenhouse of the Machu Picchu Archaeological Park (PANMP)
– Structural Engineering (concrete): Engineer Luis Flores and Engineer Juan Bariola
– Installation Engineering: JG Engineers
– Lighting: Hilite SAC
– Manufacturer of urban equipment: Escofet S.A.
– Safety Engineering: Arch. Eddie Tafur

Location: Region of Cusco, Province of Urubamba, District of Machu Picchu
Exterior Architecture area: 10,261.01 m2.
Landscape area: 9,843 m2
Client: Ministry of Culture of Peru (MINCUL) and the Decentralized Direction of Culture of Cusco (DDC-Cusco)
Year: 2016

Boulevard:

年份：2015年
Architects: LLONAZAMORA. Arch. Michelle Llona, Arch. Rafael Zamora
Project Manager: Arch. Lucia Weilg
Design Team: Arch. María Alejandra Linares, Arch. Carolina Zegarra, Arch. Karen Vila
Location: Region of Cusco, Province of Urubamba, District of Machu Picchu
Constructed area: 27,338.00 m2.
Client: Municipality of Machupicchu
Year: 2015

Bridge:

年份：2015年
Architects: LLONAZAMORA. Arch. Michelle Llona, Arch. Rafael Zamora
Project Manager: Arch. Lucia Weilg
Design Team: Arch. María Alejandra Linares, Arch. Carolina Zegarra, Arch. Karen Vila
Structural Engineering: Engineer Luis Flores, Engineer Cesar Aranis García-Rosell
Location: Region of Cusco, Province of Urubamba, District of Machu Picchu
Constructed area: 506.20 m2
Client: Ministry of Culture of Peru (MINCUL) and the Decentralized Direction of Culture of Cusco (DDC-Cusco)
Year: 2015

Image Credit (drawings, diagrams and sketches): Personal file LLONAZAMORA
Image Credit (renders): VISTA PREVIA y LLONAZAMORA