南海小学/陈东华建筑师事务所

南海小学/陈东华建筑师事务所
Nanhai Primary School / Chen Donghua Architects

空间创新与功能拓展：南海小学的改造项目巧妙地利用了校园内外的空间结构差异，通过引入入口走廊、停车棚、折叠庭院等元素，重新激活了原本的“剩余空间”。这种设计不仅满足了功能需求，还丰富了校园的空间层次。特别是在垂直空间的拓展上，通过增加屋顶多功能棚屋、屋顶花园等，有效地扩展了校园的使用面积，同时也适应了亚热带气候的特点，创造出无需空调即可使用的舒适空间。这种对空间的深度挖掘和创新利用，体现了设计师对校园功能与美学的双重追求。

结构美学与实用性结合：项目中的屋顶多功能棚屋采用了三维钢框架体系，其结构形式既遵循了原有建筑的柱网，又通过巧妙的设计打破了传统的秩序，创造出独特的空间效果。例如，8米柱跨度处的特拉斯被设计成倒梁形式，形成了天窗，这种设计不仅在视觉上给人以惊喜，也在功能上实现了自然采光。此外，斜撑柱与排水管的巧妙结合，体现了设计师在成本控制与美学追求之间的平衡。这种对结构的精细处理，既展现了建筑的美学特质，又确保了其实用性和经济性。

文化融合与环境适应：南海小学的改造项目深入挖掘了珠三角地区的民间智慧，将当地的棚屋文化融入到现代建筑设计中。通过学习和借鉴当地棚屋在气候适应、空间规划、材料选择等方面的经验，设计师创造出了一系列既具有地域特色又符合现代使用需求的建筑空间。例如，自行车棚和游乐场遮阳棚的设计，既延续了当地棚屋的轻盈与灵活性，又通过现代材料和技术的应用，提升了其功能性和耐久性。这种文化的融合与环境的适应，使得建筑不仅是功能的载体，更是文化的传承与创新的体现。

时间和空间的差距

这是一个利用暑假的时间差距来填补校园周围空间差距的改造项目。它要求整个过程非常快速、灵活、有效，同时所有事情都要高度合理和可操作

南海小学内部的正交空间结构与外部的多边形街道界面碰撞，产生了许多“剩余空间”。基于这种空间结构，我们介绍了入口走廊、停车棚、折叠庭院和；展馆、围栏翻新等，以重新连接和激活这些“剩余空间”。这次改造不仅满足了功能要求，而且丰富了原有的空间结构。此外，由于学校迫切需要可用面积，我们在不同楼层增加了不同的棚屋和夹层空间，包括屋顶多功能棚屋、屋顶花园、阅读棚等，以进一步扩大垂直方向空间的可能性。这些地面或屋顶上的新棚屋是半室外结构，适应亚热带气候和日常使用，从而创造出无需空调即可适应日常生活的阴影。同时，这种结构也减少了正式施工申请的审批流程。其他翻修包括走廊、厕所、立面翻修等。我们希望对南海小学进行各级规模的综合改造。
The gap of time and space

This is a renovation project that uses the time gap of summer vacation to fill in the space gap around the campus. It requires the whole process to be extremely fast, flexible, effective while all things come to be highly reasonable and operational.

The orthogonal spatial structure inside the Nanhai Primary School collides with the polygonal street interface outside, which produces many "remaining spaces". Based on this spatial structure, we introduce the entrance corridor, parking shed, folding courtyard & pavilion, fence renovation, etc. to reconnect and activate those "remaining spaces". This renovation not only meets the functional requirements, but also enriches the original spatial structure. In addition, due to the school's urgent need for usable area, we added different sheds and mezzanine spaces at different levels, including rooftop multi-functional shed, roof gardens, reading sheds, etc., to further expand the possibility of space in the vertical direction. These new sheds on the ground or on the roof are semi-outdoor structures that adapt with the subtropical climate and the daily use, and thus create the shadow that accommodate the everyday life without air-conditioner. At the same time, this type of structure also reduces the approval process for formal construction applications. Other renovations include corridors, toilets, facade renovations, etc. We hope to carry out an integrated renovation for Nanhai Primary School at all scales and levels.

Diagram

不同但相似的“棚屋物种”

我们从珠三角的日常棚屋中学习。他们在气候条件、空间规划、材料选择、轻质结构、成本管理等方面提出了“顺其自然”的另一种民间智慧。在深圳南海小学改造项目中，我们也引入了这种轻松、日常的态度和方法，并在不同形式、大小、海拔等边缘场地释放了各种棚屋的空间效果

此外，在较短的设计和施工期间，这些不同的脚手架需要包含相似的关系，以实现推理的衍生效果。这些内部相似之处包括空间、结构、材料、用途等。例如，在平面图的水平、垂直和对角线维度上，我们通过重新发明原始内部建筑的正交网格和外部城市界面的斜角，编织出多样化和相似的空间布局；而在截面的水平、垂直和对角线维度上，我们形成了一个内在相关的骨架系列，相对应的跨度/梁、高度/支撑、找坡/排水/结构约束等

我们将这些棚屋视为一系列“物种”。内部相似的骨架关系在不同的环境中衍生出不同的化身和表现，这些化身和表现不同但相似。
Different But Similar "Shed Species"

We learn from the everyday sheds in the Pearl River Delta. They present an alternative folk wisdom of "going with the flow" in terms of climatic conditions, space planning, material selection, lightweight structures, cost management, etc. In the Shenzhen Nanhai Primary School renovation project, we also introduce such a relaxed, daily attitude and method, and released the spatial effects of various sheds in the marginal sites of different forms, sizes, elevations, etc.

In addition, during the short design and construction period, these various scaffolds need to contain similar relationships to achieve the derivative effect of drawing inferences. These internal similarities include space, structure, materials, usage, etc. For example, in the horizontal, vertical and diagonal dimensions of the plan, we weave diverse and similar spatial layouts by re-inventing the orthogonal grid of the original internal building and the oblique angles of external urban interface; while in the horizontal, vertical, and diagonal dimension of the section, we form an intrinsically related skeleton series relatively corresponding spans/beams, heights/supports, slope finding/drainage/structural constraints, etc.

We regard these shed as a series of "species". The internally similar skeleton relationships derive different incarnation and performances in different environments, which are different but similar.

Diagram

屋顶多功能棚

屋顶多用途棚的改造符合底部原始结构的柱跨度，大多为6米，末端为8米。因此，棚的结构形式在8米柱跨度的位置也发生了变化。例如，在保持立面斜柱相同坡度的情况下，8米柱跨处的特拉斯被制成倒梁形式，从室内角度看，底梁消失，取而代之的是天窗。通过这种方式，结构形式不仅遵循了原始结构的柱和跨度，而且打破了原始秩序，造成了自然错位，创造了另一种形式和空间。这种突变是偶然的、显性的，但也是自然的、放松的

多功能棚的结构体系为三维钢框架体系。柱为倒三角锥形式的三维斜撑，梁为特拉斯形式，因此作用在构件上的力主要为轴力，可将长细比做得较大，最厚直径为斜浇柱直径108mm。其他构件的直径范围为50mm至80mm。因此，在原建筑加固条件有限、预算有限的情况下，这个棚屋需要做得非常轻，就像漂浮在树梢上一样

斜撑柱直径108mm与排水管直径相同。这两种白色等径管基本上是一体的，几乎没有区别。因此，这里雨水管道的低成本处理是“伪装”而不是“包裹”

多功能棚东侧走廊的屋顶也是新增的，一系列门框串联连接，营造出走廊的深度感。同时，它也呼应了多功能棚的方向和模块。
Rooftop Multi-functional Shed

The renovation of the rooftop multifunctional shed complies with the column-span of the original structure at the bottom, which is mostly 6 meters and ends at 8 meters. Therefore, the structural form of the shed has also changed at the position of the 8-meter column span. For example, while maintaining the same slope of the facade diagonal columns, the truss at the 8-meter column span have been made into a reverse beam form. When viewed from an indoor angle, the bottom beam disappeared and was replaced by a skylight. In this way, the structural form not only follows the columns and spans of the original structure, but also breaks the original order, causing a natural dislocation and creating another form and space. This mutation is accidental, dominant but also natural, relaxed.

The structural system of the multifunctional shed is a three-dimensional steel frame system. The column is a three-dimensional diagonal brace in form of an inverted triangular pyramid, and the beam is a truss form. Therefore, the force on the structural member is mainly axial force, and the slenderness ratio can be made relatively large. The thickest diameter is the 108mm diameter of the diagonal-brace column. The diameter of other members ranges from 50mm to 80mm. Therefore, under the limited reinforcement conditions of the original building and limited budget, this shed needs to be made very light, as if it is floating on the treetops.

Those 108mm diameter of diagonal-brace column are of the same diameter as the drainage pipes. These two kinds of white and equal-diameter pipe are basically integrated into one, and hardly distinguished from each other. Therefore, the low-cost treatment for rainwater pipes here is "camouflage" rather than "wrapping".

The roof of the corridor on the east side of the multi-functional shed is also newly added, and a series of door frames are connected in series to create a sense of depth in the corridor. At the same time, it also echoes the direction and module of the multi-functional shed.

三角形停车棚（1号）

这是剩余的两个“三角形”停车场，与主楼和场地边界之间的原始正交关系交织在一起。然而，原来的停车棚已经损坏，里面密集的柱子和屋顶漏水问题极大地阻碍了停车。此外，由于学校的主入口有时会被车辆占用，道路与停车场开口之间的角度也使下车或倒车成为一个大问题

因此，新的停车棚就像寄生在原来的主楼上一样，符合其正交网格，而其开口边界与道路平行，最大限度地利用了空间。我们取消了面向道路的22米宽开口界面以及内部停车区的立柱；唯一的柱子位于内部L形边界上，因此屋顶采用悬挑结构，悬挑跨度从5.6米到11米不等，具有很强的漂浮感。当无柱空间释放时，教师可以“随意”停车。自下而上的密度甚至混乱是这个停车棚的日常状况

然而，在南部海岸建造一个大跨度的半室外屋顶并不容易。因为我们需要同时抵抗重力载荷，抵抗台风的抬升，并在极端自然条件下防止不同的载荷。因此，该屋面的受力情况大致可分为三种：当主要荷载为重力时，屋面由前向上的特拉斯和后柱支撑，后拉索可起到减轻前特拉斯荷载和尺寸的作用；当极端情况发生时（如台风吹倒或树木倒下），电缆可以充分发挥其高承载性能，提高结构的极限承载能力；当主要荷载来自向上风力时，屋顶由向上桁架支撑，由柱子拉动，而后拉索无效

那么，对于这个“不确定”的停车棚，我们希望倒置的特拉斯是轻的还是重的？
Triangular Parking Shed (No. 1)

These are the remaining two "triangular" parking lots intertwined with the original orthogonal relationship between the main building and the site boundary. However, the original parking shed has been damaged, and the dense pillars and roof leakage problems inside it greatly hinder parking. In addition, since the main entrance of the school is sometimes used for the vehicles, the angle between the road and the opening of the parking lot also makes exiting or reversing a car a big problem.

Therefore, the new parking shed, as if parasitic on the original main building, conforms to its orthogonal grid, while its opening boundaries are parallel to the road, maximizing the use of space. We have eliminated columns at the 22-meter-wide opening interface that faces the road, as well as at the internal parking area; the only columns are located on the inner L-shaped boundary, and the roof therefore adopts a cantilevered structure with a strong floating feel with the cantilever spans range from 5.6 meters to 11 meters. When the column-free space is released, teachers can park "as they please". The bottom-up density and even disorder are the daily conditions of this parking shed.

However, it is not easy to build a long-span semi-outdoor roof on the southern coast. Because we need to simultaneously resist gravity loads, resist uplift from typhoons, and prevent different loads under extreme natural conditions. Therefore, the stress conditions of this roof can be roughly divided into three types: when the main load is gravity, the roof is supported by front upturned truss and rear columns as the rear cables can play a role reducing the load as well as dimensions of the front truss; when extreme situations occur (such as typhoons blowing down or trees falling down), the cables can give full play to their high load-bearing performance and improve the ultimate load-bearing capacity of the structure; when the main load is from the upturned wind force, the roof is supported by the upturned trusses and pulled by the columns, while the rear cables are ineffective.

So, for this "indeterminate" parking shed, do we want the upturned truss to be light or heavy?

Diagram

矩形停车棚（2号）

现场原有的停车棚在2023年夏天被台风吹倒，因此我们需要建造一个新的停车棚。新停车棚基本遵循原规划，但在结构和材料方面有所不同。该结构的平面图呈C形。它在前立面或内部空间没有柱子，类似于三角形停车棚。屋顶梁由上翘的桁架和拉杆悬挂，而屋顶下自然悬挂的防水织物形成了一个连续的半透明顶面。阳光和树影交织在织物上，形成另一个阴影轮廓；同时，落叶会积聚在软屋顶上，清洁工只需轻轻戳或吹，树叶就会滑落。
Rectangular Parking Shed (No. 2)

The original parking shed on the site was blown down by a typhoon in the summer of 2023, so we need to build a new one. The new parking shed basically follows the original plan, but is different in term of structure and materials. The floor plan of the structure presents a C shape. It locates no columns in the front facade or inside space, similar to the triangular parking shed. The roof beams are suspended by upturned trusses and tensile rods, while naturally-hanging waterproof fabric under the roof forms a continuous translucent top surface. Sunlight and tree shadows intertwine on the fabric, forming another shadow silhouette; at the same time, fallen leaves can accumulate on the soft roof, and cleaners only need to gently poke or blow, and the leaves can slide off.

自行车棚

利用围栏本身的柱子和校园内外街道的高度差，我们在围栏的一部分的基础上建造了一个单向悬臂式自行车棚，并在围栏外侧系上了斜拉杆。该方案根据原始树木的位置沿着线性围栏交错排列，屋顶覆盖着一层轻质波纹铝板。原始的薄壁界面在这里扩展为使用空间的厚度。
Bicycle Shed

Taking advantage of the pillars of the fence itself and the height difference between inside campus and outside street, we built a one-way cantilevered bicycle shed based on a part of the fence, with diagonal tensile rods tied to the outside of the fence. The plan is staggered along the linear fence according to the location of the original trees, and the roof is covered with a single layer of lightweight corrugated aluminum panels. The original thin wall interface is extended here as the thickness of the use space.

游乐场遮阳棚

游乐场遮阳棚与自行车棚相似，因为薄壁界面也扩大了使用空间的深度，并与原始的边界树交错，为游乐场提供了一个阴凉的休息场所。同时，就像矩形停车棚的柔软织物屋顶一样，屋顶在下面形成了一个连续的遮阳表面，上面承载着动态的树影。同样，工人可以通过简单的操作将落叶滑下。旋转的光影和松散的曲面似乎是美学问题，但事实上它们也是实用问题

由于棚屋的墙壁面向外部公园，围栏呈现出物理渗透性和透明度。为了防止足球飞出，围栏需要很高，因此其立柱长细比和结构形式与其他围栏部件不同。
Playground Shading Shed

The playground shading shed is similar with the bicycle shed as the thin wall interface also expands the depth of the usage space and is staggered with the original border trees to provide a shaded resting place for the playground. At the same time, like the soft fabric roof of the rectangular parking shed, the roof forms a continuous shading surface underneath, carrying the dynamic tree shadows above. Similarly, fallen leaves can be slid down with simple handling by workers. The whirling light-and-shadow and the loose curved surface seem to be aesthetic problem, but in fact they are also pragmatic ones.

Since the wall of the shed faces an external park, the fence presents physical permeability and transparency. In order to prevent footballs from flying out, the fence needs to be high, so its column slenderness ratio and structural form are different from other fence parts.

入口风雨走廊

风雨走廊将教学楼和入口重新连接起来。走廊的立柱采用斜向偏移平面布局，与折叠屋顶和“特拉斯”梁形成自然结合，也暗示了走廊的多向转弯。这里的“特拉斯”并不是最具结构效率的形式。斜筋的角度与屋面板平行，没有达到更大的倾斜角度。此外，走廊角柱的消除产生了一定的悬臂，这也有助于减少中间跨度的弯矩。屋顶采用双层铝板法，顶面为防水功能层，吊顶为非防水密装铝单板，强调抽象的三角形折叠面，类似于三角形停车棚的双层屋顶结构。
Entrance Wind-and-rain Corridor

The wind-and-rain corridor reconnects the teaching building and the entrance. The columns of the corridor adopt a diagonally offset plan layout, forming a natural combination with the folded roof and "truss" beams, which also hints at the multi-directional turns of the corridor. The "truss" here is not the most structurally-efficient form. The angle of the oblique bar is parallel to the roof panel and does not reach a more inclined angle. In addition, the elimination of corner column in the corridor creates certain cantilever, which also helps reduce the bending moment in the middle span. The roof adopts a double-layer aluminum plate method, in which the top surface is a waterproof functional layer, while the suspended ceiling is a non-waterproof densely assembled aluminum veneer, emphasizing the abstract triangular folded surface, which is similar with the double-layer roof structure of a triangular parking shed.

单柱亭和叠廊庭院

该场所是主楼和室外花池之间的一组亭廊庭院空间。因此，这里的折叠走廊呈正交之字形，符合内部正交网格和外部道路之间的关系，从而在外部形成了几个剩余的三角形花池。这个挥之不去的折叠走廊和折叠墙也为小学生形成了一种游戏迷宫。此外，校园文化展览区是这里学校的主要需求，所以我们把墙做成多段折叠面，以创造足够长度和面积的展览墙。因此，“折叠”的操作既具有空间性，又具有实用性

在结构部分，单柱凉亭通过“中心支撑、四向悬臂和斜屋顶”对水平、垂直和对角线空间关系做出了类似的反应。在构造方面，它也类似于其他双层铝板屋顶，将上层防水功能要求与下层几何要求分开。
Single-Column Pavilion and Folding-Corridor Courtyard

The place is a group of pavilion-corridor-courtyard spaces between the main building and the outside flower pond. Therefore, the folding corridor is in an orthogonal zigzag shape here, which complies with the relationship between the internal orthogonal grid and the external road, and thus creating several remaining triangular flower ponds on the outside. This lingering folding corridor and folding wall also form a kind of game maze for primary school students. In addition, the campus-culture exhibition area is the main demand of the school here, so we made the wall into multi-section folded surfaces to create sufficient length and area of the exhibition wall. Therefore, the operation of "folding" is both spatial and practical.

In the structural section, the single-column pavilion similarly responds to the horizontal, vertical, and diagonal spatial relationships through "central support, four-way cantilevers, and sloping roof." In term of tectonic, it is also similar to other double-layer aluminum plate roofs by separating upper-level waterproof functional requirements from lower-level geometric requirements.

Diagram

屋顶风雨走廊

走廊直接将两栋教学楼的屋顶连接成一条直线。单门框的结构与多功能棚的走廊相似但不同：这里的梁已经变成了上弦和下弦。
Rooftop Wind-and-rain Corridor

The corridor directly connects the roofs of the two teaching buildings in a straight line. The structure of the single door frame is similar with but different from the corridor of the multi-functional shed: the beams here have become upper and lower chords.

Diagram

双层保温屋顶棚

双层屋顶新增屋顶有三层铝单板：顶层是防水的三角形折叠表面，底部空腔用于自然通风以减少热量；中间层为平斜防水层；底层为非防水吊顶。
Double-layer Insulated Roof Shed

The newly added roof of the double-layered roof has three layers of aluminum veneers: the top layer is a waterproof triangularly-folded surface, and the bottom cavity is used for natural ventilation to reduce heat; the middle layer is a flat and sloped waterproof layer; and the bottom layer is a non-waterproof suspended ceiling.

屋顶伸缩棚

灵活的场地及其相应的屋顶是一个对角线伸缩棚，可以提供遮阳和防水。伸缩棚采用原主楼的横梁和屋顶上新增的框架，安装方便。
Roof Retractable Shed

A flexible site and its the corresponding roof is a diagonal retractable shed that can provide both shade and waterproofing. The retractable shed uses the beams of the original main building and the newly added frame on the roof, and can be easily installed.

Stair Canopy

We renovated two staircases and their canopies. The intersection points between the canopy and the original stair shear wall need to be as few as possible to reduce the impact on the original structure.

Library Renovation

我们还对原始的图书馆和录播教室（可灵活作为阅读区）进行了全面翻新，并在图书馆藏书区增加了一个夹层。
We also completed an overall renovation of the original library and recording-classroom (which is flexible as a reading area), and added a mezzanine to the library collection.

在垂直方向上，由于原始结构的净高只有3.8米，新的夹层结构需要尽可能地薄。我们利用图书馆底层的承重优势，因此将夹层下的固定书架改造成钢板格构柱。因此，我们的夹层梁和楼板可以整合成一个厚度仅为50毫米的格构板。
In the vertical direction, since the original structure only has a net height of 3.8 meters, the new mezzanine structure needs to be as thin as possible. We take advantage of the library's load-bearing advantage on the ground floor and therefore convert the fixed bookcases under the mezzanine into steel plate-lattice columns. Therefore, our mezzanine beam and floor can be integrated into a lattice plate with a thickness of only 50mm.

在水平方向上，我们将夹层的地板旋转了45度，使得夹层仅有一个接触角点与窗户附近的原始柱子相连，以减少夹层对西侧自然光线的阻挡，而夹层下的柱子和书架仍然与原始建筑保持正交。我们积极地创造了四个全高角空间，相应地布置了两个楼梯、一个休息空间和一个连接图书馆与录播教室的角落。窗户内的主动生成的角空间与窗户外被动保留的三角形停车场，巧合地形成了一对“负与正”的空间反转。
In the horizontal direction, we rotate floor of the mezzanine by 45 degrees, so that only one touching corner point of the mezzanine connects with the original column near the window, in order to reduce the blocking of natural lighting on the west side by the mezzanine, while the columns and bookcases under the mezzanine remain orthogonal to the original building. We actively created four corner full-height spaces, correspondingly arranged with two staircases, a rest space, a corner for connecting library and recording-classroom. The actively generated corner space inside the window and the passive remaining triangular parking lot outside the window, coincidently form a pair of spatial inversions of "negative and positive".

对于由两根工字梁焊接而成的侧柱和角柱，每根柱子消除了自身的角落，形成了八个侧面，交替出现空隙和实心侧面，同时获得了正交和斜向两个方向。
As for the side columns and corner columns that are welded by two I-beams, each column eliminates its own corners to form eight sides with alternating void and solid sides, and obtains two directions of orthogonal and oblique directions at the same time.